Bibliografía: páginas 135-151

Glosario: páginas 173-188

Executive Summary.. 1. Introduction.. Statement of Task.. Applications of the Sonar Equation to Biological Receivers.. Structure of the Report.. 2. Sources of Sound in the Ocean and Long-Term Trends in Ocean Noise.. Introduction.. Natural Sources of Ocean Noise.. Anthropogenic Contributions to Marine Noise.. Long-Term Trends in Ocean Noise.. 3. Effects of Noise on Marine Mammals.. Introduction.. Hearing Capabilities of Marine Organisms.. Acoustic Trauma in Marine Mammals.. Effects of Marine Noise on Mammal Behavior.. Masking of Acoustic Cues by Marine Noise.. Habituation, Sensitization, and Tolerance of Marine Mammals to Marine Noise.. Acoustically Induced Stress.. New Research Tools to Understand Marine Mammal Behavior.. Marine Ecosystem Impacts of Noise.. 4. Modeling and Databases of Noise in the Marine Environment.. Introduction.. Acoustic Modeling of the Marine Environment.. Modeling the Effects of Noise on Marine Mammals.. Databases.. Summary.. 5. Findings and Recommendations.. Sources of Noise in the Marine Environment.. Marine Mammals and Ocean Noise.. Ocean Noise Models.. Overarching Recommendations.. References.. Appendixes.. A Committee and Staff Biographies.. B Acronym List.. C Examples of Underwater Acoustics Noise Models.. D Research Recommendations from Previous NRC Reports: páginas 994, 2000.. E Glossary of Terms.. F Biological Terms

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For the 119 species of marine mammals, as well as for some other aquatic animals, sound is the primary means of learning about the environment and of communicating, navigating, and foraging. The possibility that human-generated noise could harm marine mammals or significantly interfere with their normal activities is an issue of increasing concern. Noise and its potential impacts have been regulated since the passage of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. Public awareness of the issue escalated in 1990s when researchers began using high-intensity sound to measure ocean climate changes. More recently, the stranding of beaked whales in proximity to Navy sonar use has again put the issue in the spotlight. Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals reviews sources of noise in the ocean environment, what is known of the responses of marine mammals to acoustic disturbance, and what models exist for describing ocean noise and marine mammal responses. Recommendations are made for future data gathering efforts, studies of marine mammal behavior and physiology, and modeling efforts necessary to determine what the long- and short-term impacts of ocean noise on marine mammals. Inglés

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