Human papillomaviruses and cervical cancer: biology and immunology / edited by Peter L. Stern and Margaret A. Stanley

Incluye bibliografía e índice: páginas 219-226

List of Contributors.. 1 The pathology of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia, carcinoma and human papillomavirus infection.. 1.1 Introduction.. 1.2 The normal cervix.. 1.3 Morphological evidence of HPV infection in the lower genital tract.. 1.4 HPV infection and cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia.. 1.4.1 Cervical squamous intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN.. 1.4.2 The nomenclature of CIN.. 1.4.3 Cervical glandular intra-epithelial neoplasia (CGIN.. 1.5 Carcinoma of the cervix.. 1.5.1 Micro-invasive carcinoma . 1.5.2 Invasive carcinoma.. Squamous carcinoma.. Adenosquamous carcinoma.. Adenocarcinoma.. 1.6 Diagnostic techniques.. 1.6.1 The cervical smear test.. 1.6.2 Colposcopic examination.. Colposcopic biopsy.. 1.6.3 Cone biopsy.. References.. 2 Molecular genetics of human papillomaviruses.. 2.1 Introduction.. 2.2 Genome structure and organization.. 2.3 Transcription.. 2.4 Functions of HPV-encoded polypeptides.. 2.4.1 El.. 2.4.2 E2.. 2.4.3 E4.. 2.4.4 E5.. 2.4.5 LI.. 2.4.6 L2.. 2.5 Intratypic variation.. 2.5.1 Subtypes.. 2.6 Evolutionary relationships.. References.. 3 Detection of genital human papillomavirus infections: Critical review of methods and prevalence studies in relation to cervical cancer.. 3.1 Introduction and historical perspectives.. 3.2 Detection of genital HPV infections.. 3.2.1 Clinical detection of HPV infections.. 3.2.2 Molecular biological detection of HPV infections.. 3.2.3 HPV detection without DNA amplification.. Southern blot (SB analysis.. Dot blot analysis/ViraPap.. Filter in situ hybridization (FISH.. In situ hybridization (ISH.. 3.2.4 Detection of HPV DNA after amplification by polymerase chain reaction.. Principle of polymerase chain reaction.. Advantages and disadvantages of PCR.. HPV type specific primer mediated PCR.. HPV general primer mediated PCR.. 3.2.5 Comparison of different HPV detection methods

3.3 HPV prevalence rates in women with normal and abnormal cervices as detected by different HPV detection methods.. 3.3.1 Normal cervical epithelium.. 3.3.2 Premalignant and malignant cervical lesions.. 3.4 Possible clinical implications.. References.. 4 Epidemiology of HPV and cervical cancer.. 4.1 Introduction.. 4.2 The evidence from case-control studies: General comments.. 4.3 Hospital-based case-control studies.. 4.4 Population-based case-control studies.. 4.5 Cohort studies.. 4.6 Progression studies.. 4.7 The determinants of genital HPV infection.. 4.7.1 Age and HPV infection.. 4.8 Sexual behaviour and HPV infection.. 4.9 Evidence for non-sexual transmission.. 4.10 Role of HPV testing in clinical practice.. 4.11 Temporal trends in prevalence of HPV infections.. 4.12 Extragenital HPV infection.. 4.13 The future.. References.. 5 Mechanisms of transformation by HPV.. 5.1 Introduction.. 5.2 Transformation by HPVs.. 5.3 Activities of high- and low-risk viruses.. 5.4 E6 and E7 interaction with cell proteins.. 5.5 Cell cycle regulation.. 5.6 E7 interactions with Rb, a tumour suppressor gene product.. 5.7 Functions of Rb.. 5.8 The Rb-related protein, pi07.. 5.9 Association of E7 with a cyclin-dependent kinase.. 5.10 Significance of the E7 interactions with cell proteins.. 5.11 Additional activities of E7.. 5.12 E6 interactions with p53, a monitor of DNA damage.. 5.13 Mechanisms of loss of p53 function.. 5.14 Stability of the p53 protein.. 5.15 Additional activities of E6.. 5.16 Other oncoproteins encoded by HP Vs.. 5.17 Cellular changes contributing to malignant progression.. 5... HPV oncoproteins as targets for therapeutic intervention.. 5.19 Summary.. References.... Virus-keratinocyte interactions in the infectious cycle.. 6.1 Introduction.. 6.2 Keratinocyte lineage and regulation of terminal differentiation.. 6.3 The infectious cycle of HPV

6.4 In vitro culture of HPV.. 6.5 The target cell for infection.. 6.6 Virus-keratinocyte interactions at the squamocolumnar junction.. 6.7 Implications for immune responses.. References.. 7 Serological immune response to HPV.. 7.1 Introduction.. 7.2 Preparation of viral antigens.. 7.3 Principles of serological assays.. 7.4 Type-specificity of individual assays.. 7.5 Humoral immune response to human papillomaviruses associated with anogenital lesions.. 7.6 Antibodies as marker for HPV-associated diseases.. 7.7 Serology as a tool to study the natural history of genital HPV infections.. References.. 8 The search for cell-mediated immunity to HPV: Prospects for vaccine design.. HANS J. STAUSS AND PETER C.L. BEVERLEY 8.1 What is cell-mediated immunity?.. 8.2 Antigen recognition by T lymphocytes.. 8.3 Immune stimulation versus unresponsiveness.. 8.4 Natural versus induced tumour immunity.. 8.5 Are there immunogenic CTL epitopes in the E6 and E7 proteins of HPV 16?.. 8.6 What vaccine and when?.. 8.7 Conclusions and questions.. References.. 9 MHC expression in the natural history of cervical cancer.. 9.1 Introduction.. 9.2 HLA class I and II expression in premalignant and malignant squamous epithelial lesions of the cervix.. 9.3 Modulation of HLA expression in relation to HPV DNA in cervical lesions.. 9.4 Strategies for HLA modulation in tumours.. 9.4.1 HLA class I.. 9.4.2 HLA class II.. 9.5 HLA polymorphism.. 9.6 Implications for immunological intervention.. References

10 Towards vaccines against papillomavirus.. 10.1 Papillomavirus is oncogenic.. 10.2 Co-operation between virus and co-factors.. 10.3 The role of the immune system in the control of papillomavirus infection.. 10.4 Vaccination against papillomavirus.. 10.5 Animal papillomavirus vaccines.. 10.6 'Natural' vaccines.. 10.7 'Recombinant' vaccines: Late proteins.. 10.8 'Recombinant' vaccines: Early proteins.. 10.9 Immune response to vaccine E7.. 10.10 'HPV-16 vaccines'.. 10.11 Considerations for future human papillomavirus vaccines.. 10.12 Summary.. References.. 11 Immunological aspects of cutaneous warts.. 11.1 Introduction.. 11.2 The paradox.. 11.3 Immunogenicity of HPV

Cervical cancer is a major disease worldwide, with 500,000 new* cases diagnosed each year. Through aetiological studies, an association has been established with HPV infection throughout the pathological spectrum of this disease. Studies of the molecular and biological basis for the role of HPV in cervical lesions involve clinicians, virologists, cell and molecular biologists, and most recently immunologists. This book is a timely review of HPV infection in cervical cancer and provides the background to the potential for immunological intervention. Individual chapters have been written so that the reader, irrespective of level or discipline, can follow the text and each is integrated so that the book as a whole provides a detailed insight into the most relevant scientific issues of HPV and cervical cancer. This book will provide an interface for students, scientists and clinicians with a realistic and critical evaluation of the advances and problems in the implementation of immunologically based prophylactic and therapeutic strategies in HPV-associated disease. eng