The ecology of browsing and grazing / I. J. Gordon, H. H. T. Prins, Editors

Incluye bibliografía

1 Introduction: Grazers and Browsers in a Changing World.. 1.1 Introduction.. 1.2 Dominance of Domesticated Grazers and Browsers.. 1.3 The Last 30 Years and the Immediate Future.. 1.4 Societal Relevance.. References.. 2 An Evolutionary History of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates.. 2.1 Introduction.. 2.1.1 Ungulate Phylogeny and Evolutionary History.. 2.1.2 Determination of Feeding Adaptations.. 2.1.3 Cenozoic Changes in Climate.. 2.2 Fossil Record Evidence of Dietary Evolution in Ungulates.. 2.2.1 Early Archaic Ungulates and Ungulate-like Mammals: páginas 5 to 40 Ma 2.2.2 The Eocene Emergence of Modern Ungulates: páginas 5 to 34 Ma.. 2.2.3 The Lull Before the Storm: Oligocene and Early Miocene Times: páginas 4 to 20 Ma.. 2.2.4 The Rise of the Grasslands: páginas 0 to 10 Ma.. 2.2.5 The Rise of Grazing Ungulates: páginas 0 to 2 Ma.. 2.2.6 The Late Cenozoic Dawn of the Modern Ungulate Fauna.. 2.3 Discussion and Conclusions.. References.. 3 The Morphophysiological Adaptations of Browsing and Grazing Mammals.. 3.1 Introduction.. 3.2 Grass and Browse.. 3.3 Predictions.. 3.4 Testing the Hypotheses.. 3.5 Results.. 3.6 Conclusion and Outlook.. References.. 4 Nutritional Ecology of Grazing and Browsing Ruminants.. 4.1 Introduction.. 4.2 Nutritive Value of Plant Material for Ruminant Herbivores.. 4.2.1 Digestion of Plant Material by Herbivores.. 4.2.2 How do Browse and Grass Differ in Nutritive Value?.. 4.2.3 Plant Secondary Metabolites.. 4.3 Do Browsers and Grazers Differ in the Way They Process Their Food?.. 4.3.1 Reticulo-Rumen Size.. 4.3.2 Retention Time and Passage Rate.. 4.3.3 Mean Particle Size Escaping Rumen.. 4.3.4 Absorptive Surface Area of Rumen.. 4.3.5 Saliva Flow.. 4.3.6 Fermentation Rate and Fibre Digestibility in the Rumen.. 4.3.7 Rumen Microbial Genetic Profiles and Digestion End Products.. 4.4 Problems with the Meta-Analysis Approach.. 4.5 Detoxifi cation of Plant Secondary Metabolites: Do Browsers and Grazers Differ?.. 4.5.1 Salivary Tannin-Binding Proteins

4.5.2 Ruminal Detoxifi cation.. 4.5.3 Post Absorptive Metabolism.. 4.6 Conclusions.. References.. 5 The Comparative Feeding Bahaviour of Large Browsing and Grazing Herbivores.. 5.1 Introduction.. 5.2 The Functional Response.. 5.2.1 Components of the Functional Response.. 5.3 Foraging in Patches.. 5.3.1 Defi nition of Patches.. 5.4 Spatial Variation in the Quality of Grass.. 5.5 Spatial Variation in the Quality of Browse.. 5.6 Perception of Patches.. 5.6.1 Evidence for Patch Perceptions of Grazers and Browsers.. 5.6.2 Patch Perceptions by Grazers.. 5.6.3 Patch Perceptions by Browsers.. 5.7 Summary.. References.. 6 The Comparative Population Dynamics of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates.. 6.1 Introduction.. 6.2 Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Grass and Browse.. 6.3 Population Density Levels.. 6.4 Demographic Patterns.. 6.5 Regulation of Abundance.. 6.6 Population Dynamics.. 6.7 Weather Patterns and Population Fluctuations.. 6.8 Summary and Conclusions.. References.. 7 Species Diversity of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates: Consequences for the Structure and Abundance of Secondary Production.. 7.1 Introduction.. 7.2 Suggested Causes of Species Richness.. 7.3 The Effect of Species Richness on Ecosystem Functioning: An Overview.. 7.4 Herbivore Diversity and the Use of Primary Production.. 7.4.1 Diet Overlap and Feeding Niches.. 7.4.2 Postulated Advantages of Mixed-Species Feeding.. 7.5 Mammalian Herbivore Species Richness Links to Secondary Productivity and Biomass.. 7.5.1 Domestic Herbivore Diversity and Secondary Productivity.. 7.5.2 Diversity-Biomass Relationship in Wild Assemblages.. 7.6 Conclusions.. References.. 8 Impacts of Grazing and Browsing by Large Herbivores on Soils and Soil Biological Properties.. 8.1 Introduction.. 8.2 Herbivore Effects on Nutrient Dynamics.. 8.3 Positive Feedback Effects of Above-Ground Herbivory.. 8.3.1 Urine and Dung Deposition.. 8.3.2 Alterations in Plant C and N Allocation.. 8.3.3 Selective Foraging on Less Nutritious Species

8.3.4 Litter Deposition.. 8.3.5 Increased Soil Temperature.. 8.4 Negative Feedback Effects of Above-Ground Herbivory.. 8.4.1 Selective Foraging on Nutrient-Rich Tissue.. 8.4.2 Production of Secondary Metabolites.. 8.4.3 Impact on Soil Physical Properties.. 8.5 Conclusions.. References.. 9 Plant Traits, Browsing and Gazing Herbivores, and Vegetation Dynamics.. 9.1 Introduction.. 9.2 Plant Architecture and Herbivory.. 9.2.1 Introduction.. 9.2.2 Trees and Shrubs.. 9.2.3 Herbaceous Plants Other Than Graminoids.. 9.2.4 Graminoids.. 9.3 The Chemistry of Plants.. 9.3.1 Photosynthesis.. 9.3.2 Energy and Nutrient Reserves.. 9.4 Plant Resistance.. 9.4.1 Introduction.. 9.4.2 Escape Strategies.. 9.4.3 Structural and Chemical Defences.. 9.4.4 Plant Tolerance.. 9.5 Effects of Herbivory on Plants.. 9.5.1 Introduction.. 9.5.2 Reserve Dynamics.. 9.5.3 Sprouting and Resprouting.. 9.5.4 Repeated Herbivory.. 9.5.5 Compensatory Growth.. 9.5.6 Regeneration and Persistence.. 9.6 Herbivore Foraging Behaviour.. 9.6.1 Introduction.. 9.6.2 Hierarchical Foraging.. 9.6.3 Large Herbivores and Predators.. 9.6.4 The Importance of Neighbours.. 9.7 Large Herbivore Effects on Vegetation.. 9.7.1 Introduction.. 9.7.2 Herbivory and Composition of Plant Populations.. 9.7.3 Herbivory and the Composition of Plant Communities.. 9.8 The Theory of Vegetation Change.. 9.8.1 Introduction.. 9.8.2 Succession Theories.. 9.8.3 The State-and-Transition Model.. 9.8.4 State-and-Threshold and Catastrophe Theories.. 9.9 Conclusions.. References.. 10 The Impact of Browsing and Grazing Herbivores on Biodiversity.. 10.1 Biodiversity and Large Mammalian Herbivores.. 10.2 Effects on Traits.. 10.3 Effects on Plant Communities.. 10.4 Effects on Invertebrates.. 10.5 Effects on Birds.. 10.6 Effects on Mammals.. 10.7 Large Herbivores and Biodiversity.. References.. 11 Managing Large Herbivores in Theory and Practice: Is the Game the Same for Browsing and Grazing Species?.. 11.1 Introduction

11.2 The Dynamics of Grazer and Browser Populations.. 11.3 Monitoring.. 11.4 Management.. 11.5 Conclusions.. References.. 12 Grazers and Browsers in a Changing World: Conclusions.. 12.1 Introduction.. 12.2 Responses in Plant Species Composition.. 12.3 Responses in Plant Chemistry.. 12.4 Responses in Terms of Population Dynamics.. 12.5 Responses in Herbivore Community Structure.. 12.6 Ways of Managing Browsers and Grazers.. 12.6.1 Managing for Variability Rather than Stability.. 12.6.2 Gardening Versus Laisser Faire.. 12.7 Where Do We Go From Here?.. 12.7.1 Landscape Scale Experiments.. 12.8 Conclusions.. References.. Subject Index.. Species Index

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Extensive grazing and browsing by domestic and wild herbivores shape the vegetation composition, structure and dynamics of many terrestrial ecosystems. This volume investigates how large herbivores not only influence the structure and distribution of the vegetation, but also affect nutrient flows and the responses of associated fauna. The mechanisms and processes underlying the herbivores' behaviour, distribution, movement and direct impact on the vegetation, and the dynamics of nutrients, plant species, and vegetation composition in terrestrial ecosystems are discussed in detail. It is shown that an understanding of plant/animal interactions can provide practical advice on the management of large herbivores to integrate production and conservation in terrestrial systems, particularly in the face of environmental and climate change. eng

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