Symbolism, knowledge and management of soil and land resources in indigenous communities: ethnopedology at global, regional and local scales / Narciso Barrera-Bassols

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v. 1. Symbolism, knowledge and management of soil and land resources in indigenous communities ethnopedology at global, regional and local scales/Narciso Barrera- Bassols --v. 2. Symbolism, knowledge and management of soil and land resources in indigenous communities ethnopedology at global, regional and local scales/Narciso Barrera-Bassols

Preface.. Abstract.. Samenvatting.. Resumen.. Table of contents.. List of Figures.. List of Tables.. Chapter One. Introduction.. Part One. Concepts and Global Perspective.. Chapter Two. Indigenous Peoples As Social Subjects.. 2.1 Introduction.. 2.2 The indigenous condition.. 2.3 Culture and ethnic identity.. 2.4 Self-identity projects of indigenous peoples.. 2.5 Conclusion.. Chapter Three. Linguistic, Biological and Agricultural Diversity.. 3.1 Introduction.. 3.2 The meaning of diversity.. 3.3 Linguistic diversity.. 3.4 Biological diversity.. 3.5 Agricultural diversity.. 3.6 Conclusion.. Chapter Four. Indigenous Environmental Knowledge Systems.. 4.1 Introduction.. 4.2 The ecological rationale of small farmers.. 4.3 The cultural construct of nature.. 4.4 Kosmos, Corpus and Praxis.. 4.5 The ethnoecological approach.. 4.6 The divide between IEKS and science.. 4.7 Conclusion.. Chapter Five. Ethnopedology: A Hybrid Discipline.. 5.1 Introduction.. 5.2 Historical development.. 5.3 The research approaches.. 5.4 An integral methodological approach.. 5.5 Assesment of the role of ethnopedology in local endogenous development: a political ecology approach.. 5.6 Conclusion.. Chapter Six. Ethnopedology in a Worldwide Perspective.. 6.1 Introduction.. 6.2 Rapid expansion of ethnopedology.. 6.3 Geographical distribution of EPS.. 6.4 Ethnopedological findings and research trends.. 6.5. Peoples and ethnopedological diversity.. 6.6 Topical diversity of EPS.. 6.7 Conclusion.. Part Two. Middle American Ethnopedology: A Regional Perspective.. Chapter Seven. Crops and land perception IN pre-columbian middle america.. 7.1 Introduction.. 7.2 Middle America: a civilization core.. 7.3 Middle .America: a center of origin of plant domestication.. 7.4 Middle. American agricultural systems: a typology.. 7.5 Land in Middle American cosmovision.. 7.6 Agriculture, science and power in Post-Classic Middle America.. 7.7 Conclusion

Chapter Eight. Soil and Land Resources in Precolumbian Middle American Knowledge.. 8.1 Introduction.. 8.2 Soil types and attributes.. 8.3 Soil-plant relationships.. 8.4 Soil as a descriptor of cultural landscapes: the toponyms.. 8.5 Soil knowledge for tributary purposes.. 8.6 Conclusion.. Chapter Nine. Soil and Land Management Systems in Precolumbian Middle America.. 9.1 Introduction.. 9.2 Middle American agricultural tenaces.. 9.3 Chinampa: the Middle American polder.. 9.4 Drained-field agricultural systems in tropical lowland.. 9.5 The Mayan agro-ecological system.. 9.6 Conclusion.. Chapter Ten. Land, Peoples and Cultures in Contemporary Middie America: Historical Background and Current Realities.. 10.1 Introduction.. 10.2 Middle America today.. 10.3 Major historical trends that shaped contemporary Middle America.. 10.4 Conclusion.. Chapter Eleven. Contemporary Middle American Ethnopedologies.. 11.1 Introduction.. 11.2 Agroecological zoning and indigenous population distribution.. 11.3 The humid tropical zone.. 11.4 The sub-humid tropical zone.. 11.5 The sub-humid temperate highlands.. 11.6 The semi-arid tropical zone.. Chapter Twelve. The Mayan Ethnopedology From the Yucatan Peninsula.. 12.1 Introduction.. 12.2 Regional context.. 12.3 The Mayan soil nomenclature.. 12.4 The Mayan soil taxonomy.. 12.5 Correlation between the Mayan and technical soil classifications.. 12.6 Mayan knowledge of soil-relief-vegetation relationships.. 12.7 The Mayan-land use evaluation.. 12.8 Land in the contemporary Mayan cosmovision.. 12.9 Conclusion.. Chapter Thirteen. Middle American Ethnopedology: A Social Theory of Soil and Land Resources.. 13.1 Introduction.. 13.2 The Middle American pedologic meta-culture.. 13.3 Diagnostic attributes most frequently used to classify soils.. 13.4 Soil classification systems.. 13.5 Soil quality assessment.. 13.6 Soil knowledge for land management.. 13.7 Land as a symbolic dominion

13.8 Comparison of worldwide and Middle American ethnopedological findings.. 13.9 Conclusion.. Part Three. The Indigenous Community of San Francisco Pichataro, Mexico: A Local Perspective.. Chapter Fourteen. Research Framework and Methods At Local Level.. 14.1 Introduction.. 14.2 Research Fram Ework.. 14.3 Selechon of the Idcalstudy Area.. 14.4 Ap P Ued Research Ap P Roaches.. 14.5 Ethnographic Techniques.. 14.6 Socio-Economic Survey.. 14.7 Agronomic Survey.. 14.8 Tim E Series and Spatialanaiysis.. 14.9 Conclusion.. Chapter Fifteen. The Pátzcuaro Lake Basin: Bio-Physical Patterns, Natural History and Environmental Degradation.. 15.1 Introduction.. 15.2 Main characteristics and geographic location within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Bell.. 15.3 Biophysical patterns.. 15.4 Natural history.. 15.5 Morphogenetic/pedogenetic balance: the assessment of current environmental degradation.. 15.6 Conclusion.. Chapter Sixteen. Society and Nature in the Patzcuaro Lake Basin.. 16.1 Introduction.. 16.2 The social context in Pátzcuaro at the end of the 20a century.. 16.3 Nature, culture and society: an historical perspective.. 16.4 Colonial period: haciendas, ranchos and indigenous communities.. 16.5 Independence period: indigenous land disenfrenchisement and forest exploitation.. 16.6 Modem period: land reform, rural modernization and demographic explosion.. 16.7 Conclusion.. Chapter Seventeen. Land Degradation in the Pátzcuaro Lake Basin and the Purhepecha Ethnoecology.. 17.1 Introduction.. 17.2 The Pátzcuaro Basin: A fragile environment.. 17.3 Land degradation: A problematic conceptualization.. 17.4 Conventional interpretation of long-term land degradation in the Pátzcuaro basin.. 17.5 Alternative interpretation of the long-term land degradation.. 17.6 Contemporary land degradation.. 17.7 Contemporary purhépecha environmental knowledge system.. 17.8 Conclusion.. Chapter Eighteen. San Francisco Pichataro: The Natural Environment

18.1 Introduction.. 18.2 Main characteristics and geographic location.. 18.3 Biophysical patterns.. 18.4 Soil cover.. 18.5 Bioclimatic zoning.. 18.6 Conclusion.. Chapter Nineteen. The People of Pichataro: Territorial Conformation, Land-Use History and Sociocultural Changes.. 19.1 Introduction.. 19.2 The settlement.. 19.3 Territorial conformation and land-use history.. 19.4 Pichataro at the eve of the 21st century.. 19.5 The changing local economy.. 19.6 Pichataro: An ever changing indigenous community.. 19.7 Conclusion.. Chapter Twenty. Soil and Land Resources Symbolism, Knowledge and Management in Pichataro: A Social Theory About Nature.. 20.1 Introduction.. 20.2 Place names and landscapes.. 20.3 The water cycle: Strategic assessment of a scarce resource.. 20.4 Climate: Perception, assessment and prediction.. 20.5 Relief: Structure and processes.. 20.6 Soil and land resources: An open notebook.. 20.7 Conclusion.. Chapter Twenty-One. Land-Use and Land Management.. 21.1 Introduction.. 21.2 Land moves and behaves: The local theory of soil behavior and function.. 21.3 The local concept of soil health: A humoral theory.. 21.4 Agroecology of maize and associated crops.. 21.5 Farming activities.. 21.6 Landscape heterogeneity, soil-crop knowledge and agro-diversity: The management of resilience.. 21.7 Agronomic practices and rituals: The sacred dimension of land management.. 21.8 Conclusion.. Chapter Twenty-Two. Spatial Correlation Analysis Between Local and Technical Soil Classes and Properties.. 22.1 Introduction.. 22.2 Spatial correlation at high taxonomic level.. 22.3 Spatial correlation at low taxonomic level.. 22.4 Spatial correlation at soil property level.. 22.5 Main findings at the three levels of the spatial correlation analysis.. 22.6 Conclusion

Chapter Twenty-Three. The Political Ecology of Local Soil Knowledge and Land Management an Indigenous Community of Middle America: San Francisco Pichataro, Mexico.. 23.1 Introduction.. 23.2 The social theory of soil and land resources and plural perceptions about production relations.. 23.3 The political ecology of soil knowledge, land-use and land management.. 23.4 Guidelines for endogenous development.. 23.5 Is Pichataro unique? Upscaling from local to global.. Chapter Twenty-Four. Thesis Conclusions.. 24.1 Part One: Concepts and global perspective.. 24.2 Part Two: Middle American ethnopedology: a regional perspective.. 24.3 Part Three: The indigenous community' of San Francisco Pichataro, Mexico: a local perspective.. 24.4 General contributions of the thesis to ethnopedology.. References.. Appendices

This book contributes in several ways to make progress in ethnopedology as a hybrid discipline and as an interdisciplinary field nurtured by natural as well as social sciences, including anthropology, geopedology, agronomy and geography, among others. First, it develops an integral research approach, which includes the symbolic (Kosmos), cognitive (Corpus) and management (Praxis) dominions of social theories about soil and land resources, here referred to as the K-C-P complex or model. It also argues that ethnopedological studies should put emphasis on the political, cultural, economic and ecological context of the social actors, as they are the prime producers and users of social theories about soil and land. This would allow ethnopedology to go beyond the limited technical analyses, which focus exclusively on comparing local soil classifications with scientific classifications. Secondly, it develops a systemic methodological framework with the application of techniques allowing to store, retrieve, organize, co-validate and analyze data and information on social theories about soil and land resources, including data processing in GIS environment. The third contribution of this book consists in the use of a multi-scale approach, which provides information from global to regional to local scales. This allows to evaluate multiple and diverse aspects of ethnopedological information, such as the links between local soil knowledge and the maintenance of biological, agricultural and cultural diversities at regional and global levels. It also permits to evaluate and compare ethnopedological findings for practical and theoretical purposes, contributing to enrich studies on nature-humans-culture relations. eng

The last contribution consists in demonstrating the pertinence of linking ethnopedological findings with information derived from environmental history, landscape archaeology and political economy, using a political ecology framework. These relationships allow evaluating, in an ample perspective, the current vitality, efficiency and limitations of local knowledge practice. In this way it seems possible to reach endogenous development with the full participation of the local actors. eng