Tropical meteorology: an introduction / T.N. Krishnamuti, Lydia Stefanova, Vasubandhu Misra
Por: Krishnamurti, Tiruvalam Natarajan, 1932- [autor/a].
Stefanova, Lydia [autor/a] | Misra, Vasubandhu, 1970- [autor/a].
Tipo de material: Libro impreso(a) Series Editor: New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 2013Descripción: xv, 423 páginas : fotografías, ilustraciones, mapas ; 23 centímetros.ISBN: 1461474086; 9781461474081.Tema(s): Meteorología | El Niño oscilación del Sur | Huracanes | Cambio climáticoDescriptor(es) geográficos: Trópicos Clasificación: 551.50913 / K7 Nota de bibliografía: Incluye bibliografía e índice: páginas 415-423 Número de sistema: 53793Contenidos:Mostrar1.1 Introduction
1.2 Zonally Averaged Time Mean Fields
1.2.1 Zonal Velocity
1.2.2 Mean Meridional Circulation
1.2.3 Temperature Field
1.2.4 Moisture Field
1.3 Meridional Transports by the Zonally Symmetric Circulation
1.4 Theory of the Hadley Cell
1.4.1 Derivation of the Kuo-Eliassen Equation
1.4.2 Interpretation of the Kuo-Eliassen Equation
References
2 Zonally Asymmetric Features of the Tropics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Tropospheric Winds at 850 and 200 mb Levels
2.3 The Motion Field in the Upper Troposphere
2.4 The Temperature Field
2.5 The East/West Circulations in the Tropics
2.6 The Moisture Field
2.7 The Sea Level Pressure Field
2.8 Precipitation Field
2.9 Other Parameters
References
3 The Intertropical Convergence Zone
3.1 Observational Aspects of the ITCZ
3.2 ITCZ Theory
3.3 Regulation of the Warm Pool SST
References
4 Heat Induced Circulation
4.1 Adrian Gill's Atmospheric Model
4.1.1 Solutions to the Gill Model
4.2 Desert Heat Lows
4.2.1 Diurnal Change Over the Heat Lows
4.2.2 Vertical Motion and Divergence Structure of Heat Lows
4.2.3 Vertical Profiles of Radiative Transfer Over the Heat Low
4.2.4 Descent Above the Heat Low and Lateral Teleconnections
4.3 Heat Budget of the Heat Low
References
5 Monsoons
5.1 Definition
5.2 Monsoon Domain
5.3 Differential Heating and the Monsoon
5.4 A Principal Axis of the Asian Monsoon
5.5 Key Elements of the Asian Summer and Winter Monsoon
5.6 Monsoon Onset and Withdrawal Isochrones
5.7 Features of the Monsoon Onset
5.8 Onset of Monsoon and the Wall of Moisture from the South
5.9 Cooling of the Arabian Sea Following the Onset of Monsoon
5.10 Some Onset-Related Dynamical Fields
5.11 ψ-乂 Interactions
5.12 The Heaviest Rainfall of the Summer Monsoon
5.13 Breaks in the Indian Monsoon
5.15 The Somali Jet
5.16 Boundary Layer Dynamics of the Somali Jet
5.17 Upwelling in the Somali Jet Region
References
6 Tropical Waves and Tropical Depressions
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Barotropic Instability
6.2.1 Necessary Conditions for the Existence of Barotropic Instability
6.2.2 Finite Difference Methods for Studying Barotropic Instability in the Tropics
6.3 Combined Barotropic-Baroclinic Instability
6.3.1 Necessary Conditions for the Existence of Combined Barotropic-Baroclinic Instability
6.3.2 Initial Value Approach to the Combined Instability
6.4 Dual Parts of African Waves
References
7 Madden Julian Oscillation
7.1 Observational Aspects
7.2 Theory of the MJO
7.3 Westerly Wind Bursts in the MJO
7.4 The MJO Connection During the Birth and Demise of ENSO
7.5 Wave Energy Flux Across the Tropics
7.6 Real Data Forecasts of ISO
References
8 Scale Interactions
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Wave-Number Domain
8.3 Frequency Domain
8.4 Frequency Domain Examples
8.5 Wave-Number Domain Examples
8.5.1 Global Tropics
8.5.2 Hurricanes
Appendix 1: Derivation of Equations in Wave-Number Domain
Appendix 2: A Simple Example
References
9 El Niño and Southern Oscillation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Observational Aspects
9.3 The ENSO Scenario
9.3.1 Arrival of a Sea Level Pressure Anomaly at the Near-Equatorial Latitudes
9.3.2 Trade Winds
9.3.3 Piling of Water Over the Western Pacific Ocean
9.3.4 Thermocline Transitions
9.3.5 Typical SST Anomalies, Normal and El Niño Years
9.3.6 The Pacific North American Pattern (PNA
9.3.7 A River of Westerlies That Nearly Encircles the Globe Emanating from the El Niño Region
9.4 Coupled Modeling of ENSO
9.4.1 Zebiak-Cane Ocean Model
9.4.2 Results from the Zebiak-Cane Model
9.5 ENSO Theory
References
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Diabatic Potential Vorticity Equation
10.3 Application of the Diabatic Potential Vorticity Equation to the Global Tropics
10.3.1 Potential Vorticity
10.3.2 Horizontal Advection of Potential Vorticity
10.3.3 Vertical Advection of Potential Vorticity
10.3.4 Vertical Differential Heating
10.3.5 Horizontal Differential Heating
10.3.6 Frictional Contribution
10.4 Application of the Diabatic Potential Vorticity Equation to Hurricanes
References
11 Tropical Cloud Ensembles
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Understanding Simple Buoyancy-Driven Dry Convection
11.3 Understanding Simple Buoyancy-Driven Shallow Moist Convection
11.3.1 A Simple Cloud Model
11.3.2 Initial and Boundary Conditions and Domain Definition
11.3.3 Numerical Model Results
11.4 A Cloud Ensemble Model
11.4.1 Kinematics and Thermodynamics
11.4.2 Cloud Microphysics
11.4.3 Conversion Processes
11.4.4 Modeling Results
References
12 Tropical Boundary Layer
12.1 Empirical Concepts
12.1.1 The Mixing-Length Concept
12.1.2 The Wind Profile and Surface Drag
12.1.3 Bulk Aerodynamic Method
12.2 Observational Aspects of the Boundary Layer
12.3 A Simple Model of the Tropical Boundary Layer
12.4 Surface Similarity Theory
12.5 Scale Analysis of the Large-Scale Tropical Boundary Layer
12.6 Cross-Equatorial Flows and Planetary Boundary Layer Dynamics
References 13 Radiative Forcing
13.1 Radiative Processes in the Tropics
13.2 Shallow Stratocumulus Clouds and Radiative Transfer
13.3 Surface Energy Balance
13.3.1 Ground Temperature Tg
13.3.2 Evaluating Moisture Fluxes for Hydrological Budgets and Water Cycle Studies
13.3.3 The Surface Sensible and Latent Heat Fluxes
13.3.4 Net Solar (Shortwave Radiation at the Earth Surface
13.3.5 Net Thermal (Longwave Radiation at the Earth Surface
13.3.6 Surface Sensible Heat Flux
13.4 Top of the Atmosphere Net Radiation Fluxes
13.4.1 The Net Solar Radiation at the Top of the Atmosphere
13.4.2 The Net Thermal Radiation at the Top of the Atmosphere
13.5 Radiative Forcing for the Hadley and East-West Circulation
13.6 Life Cycle of the Monsoon
References
14 Dry and Moist Static Stability
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Some Useful Definitions
14.3 Dry and Moist Static Energy
14.3.1 Dry Static Energy
14.3.2 Moist Static Energy
14.4 Dry and Moist Static Stability
14.4.1 The Dry Static Stability Equation
14.4.2 The Moist Static Stability Equation
14.5 Observational Aspects of the Trade Wind Inversion
Reference
15 Hurricane Observations
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Conventional Observations
15.2.1 Observations of the Inner Core
15.3 Tropical Cyclones Over the Indian Ocean Basin
References
16 Genesis, Tracks, and Intensification of Hurricanes
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Genesis
16.2.1 Horizontal Shear Flow Instability
16.2.2 Conservation of Potential Vorticity (PV
16.2.3 Diabatic Effects
16.2.4 Order of Magnitudes for the Terms of the PV Equation in a Hurricane
16.3 Tracks
16.3.1 The β Effect
16.3.2 The Fujiwhara Effect
16.3.3 The Extratropical Transition of Tropical Cyclones
16.4 Intensity
16.4.1 The Angular Momentum Principle
16.4.2 Local Cylindrical Coordinates
16.4.3 The Torques
16.4.4 What Does the Angular Momentum Field in a Hurricane Look Like?
16.4.5 Cloud Torques
16.4.6 Surface Frictional Torques
16.4.7 What Is a Constant Angular Momentum Profile
16.4.8 Pressure Torques
16.4.9 Inner Versus Outer Forcing
16.4.10 Vortical Hot Towers
16.4.11 Vortex Rossby Waves
Appendix 1: Transformation of shear to Curvature Vorticity
References
17.1 Introduction
17.2 The Axisymmetric Hurricane Model
17.3 Current Suite of Operational Models
17.4 Multimodel Superensemble for Atlantic Hurricanes
17.5 Multimodel Superensemble for Pacific Typhoons
17.6 Ensemble Forecasts from a Suite of Mesoscale Models and Combination of Mesoscale and Large Scale Models for Atlantic Hurricanes
References
18 Sea Breeze and Diurnal Change Over the Tropics
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Sea Breeze Models
18.3 Some Observational Aspects of Diurnal Changes
18.4 Diurnal Variation in the Monsoon Belt
18.4.1 Diurnal Variation in Rainfall Over India
18.4.2 Diurnal Change Transitions Between the Himalayan Foothills and the Eastern Tibetan Plateau
18.4.3 The Arritt Nomogram
18.4.4 Monsoonal Scale Diurnal Oscillation of the Monsoon
References
19 Tropical Squall Lines and Mesoscale Convective Systems
19.1 Introduction
19.2 West African Disturbance Lines
19.2.1 Squall Lines "An Integral Part of the African Wave"
19.2.2 Squall Lines Are Located Between Two Easterly Jet Streams
19.2.3 Other Squall Line Models
19.2.4 Squall and Non-squall Systems
19.3 Mesoscale Convective Systems
19.4 Organization of Convection
References
Index
This book is designed as an introductory course in Tropical Meteorology targeting graduate or advanced undergraduate students. The material within can be covered in a one-semester course program. The text starts from the global scale-view of the Tropics, addressing the zonally symmetric and asymmetric features of the tropical circulation. It then goes on to progressively smaller spatial and time scales - from the El Niño Southern Oscillation and the Asian Monsoon, down to tropical waves, hurricanes, sea breezes, and tropical squall lines. The emphasis in most chapters is on the observational aspects of the phenomenon in question, the theories regarding its nature and maintenance, and the approaches to its numerical modeling. The concept of scale interactions is also presented as a way of gaining insight into the generation and redistribution of energy for the maintenance of oscillations of a variety of spatial and temporal scales.
Tipo de ítem | Biblioteca actual | Colección | Estado | Código de barras |
---|---|---|---|---|
Libros |
Biblioteca San Cristóbal
Texto en la configuración de la biblioteca San Cristóbal |
Acervo General | Disponible | ECO010017649 |
Incluye bibliografía e índice: páginas 415-423
1 The Zonally Averaged Tropical Circulation.. 1.1 Introduction.. 1.2 Zonally Averaged Time Mean Fields.. 1.2.1 Zonal Velocity.. 1.2.2 Mean Meridional Circulation.. 1.2.3 Temperature Field.. 1.2.4 Moisture Field.. 1.3 Meridional Transports by the Zonally Symmetric Circulation.. 1.4 Theory of the Hadley Cell.. 1.4.1 Derivation of the Kuo-Eliassen Equation.. 1.4.2 Interpretation of the Kuo-Eliassen Equation.. References.. 2 Zonally Asymmetric Features of the Tropics.. 2.1 Introduction.. 2.2 Tropospheric Winds at 850 and 200 mb Levels.. 2.3 The Motion Field in the Upper Troposphere.. 2.4 The Temperature Field.. 2.5 The East/West Circulations in the Tropics.. 2.6 The Moisture Field.. 2.7 The Sea Level Pressure Field.. 2.8 Precipitation Field.. 2.9 Other Parameters.. References.. 3 The Intertropical Convergence Zone.. 3.1 Observational Aspects of the ITCZ.. 3.2 ITCZ Theory.. 3.3 Regulation of the Warm Pool SST.. References.. 4 Heat Induced Circulation.. 4.1 Adrian Gill's Atmospheric Model.. 4.1.1 Solutions to the Gill Model.. 4.2 Desert Heat Lows.. 4.2.1 Diurnal Change Over the Heat Lows.. 4.2.2 Vertical Motion and Divergence Structure of Heat Lows.. 4.2.3 Vertical Profiles of Radiative Transfer Over the Heat Low.. 4.2.4 Descent Above the Heat Low and Lateral Teleconnections.. 4.3 Heat Budget of the Heat Low.. References.. 5 Monsoons.. 5.1 Definition.. 5.2 Monsoon Domain.. 5.3 Differential Heating and the Monsoon.. 5.4 A Principal Axis of the Asian Monsoon.. 5.5 Key Elements of the Asian Summer and Winter Monsoon.. 5.6 Monsoon Onset and Withdrawal Isochrones.. 5.7 Features of the Monsoon Onset.. 5.8 Onset of Monsoon and the Wall of Moisture from the South.. 5.9 Cooling of the Arabian Sea Following the Onset of Monsoon.. 5.10 Some Onset-Related Dynamical Fields.. 5.11 ψ-乂 Interactions.. 5.12 The Heaviest Rainfall of the Summer Monsoon.. 5.13 Breaks in the Indian Monsoon
5.14 Active, Break and Withdrawal Phases of Indian Monsoons.. 5.15 The Somali Jet.. 5.16 Boundary Layer Dynamics of the Somali Jet.. 5.17 Upwelling in the Somali Jet Region.. References.. 6 Tropical Waves and Tropical Depressions.. 6.1 Introduction.. 6.2 Barotropic Instability.. 6.2.1 Necessary Conditions for the Existence of Barotropic Instability.. 6.2.2 Finite Difference Methods for Studying Barotropic Instability in the Tropics.. 6.3 Combined Barotropic-Baroclinic Instability.. 6.3.1 Necessary Conditions for the Existence of Combined Barotropic-Baroclinic Instability.. 6.3.2 Initial Value Approach to the Combined Instability.. 6.4 Dual Parts of African Waves.. References.. 7 Madden Julian Oscillation.. 7.1 Observational Aspects.. 7.2 Theory of the MJO.. 7.3 Westerly Wind Bursts in the MJO.. 7.4 The MJO Connection During the Birth and Demise of ENSO.. 7.5 Wave Energy Flux Across the Tropics.. 7.6 Real Data Forecasts of ISO.. References.. 8 Scale Interactions.. 8.1 Introduction.. 8.2 Wave-Number Domain.. 8.3 Frequency Domain.. 8.4 Frequency Domain Examples.. 8.5 Wave-Number Domain Examples.. 8.5.1 Global Tropics.. 8.5.2 Hurricanes.. Appendix 1: Derivation of Equations in Wave-Number Domain.. Appendix 2: A Simple Example.. References.. 9 El Niño and Southern Oscillation.. 9.1 Introduction.. 9.2 Observational Aspects.. 9.3 The ENSO Scenario.. 9.3.1 Arrival of a Sea Level Pressure Anomaly at the Near-Equatorial Latitudes.. 9.3.2 Trade Winds.. 9.3.3 Piling of Water Over the Western Pacific Ocean.. 9.3.4 Thermocline Transitions.. 9.3.5 Typical SST Anomalies, Normal and El Niño Years.. 9.3.6 The Pacific North American Pattern (PNA.. 9.3.7 A River of Westerlies That Nearly Encircles the Globe Emanating from the El Niño Region.. 9.4 Coupled Modeling of ENSO.. 9.4.1 Zebiak-Cane Ocean Model.. 9.4.2 Results from the Zebiak-Cane Model.. 9.5 ENSO Theory.. References
10 Diabatic Potential Vorticity Over the Global Tropics.. 10.1 Introduction.. 10.2 Diabatic Potential Vorticity Equation.. 10.3 Application of the Diabatic Potential Vorticity Equation to the Global Tropics.. 10.3.1 Potential Vorticity.. 10.3.2 Horizontal Advection of Potential Vorticity.. 10.3.3 Vertical Advection of Potential Vorticity.. 10.3.4 Vertical Differential Heating.. 10.3.5 Horizontal Differential Heating.. 10.3.6 Frictional Contribution.. 10.4 Application of the Diabatic Potential Vorticity Equation to Hurricanes.. References.. 11 Tropical Cloud Ensembles.. 11.1 Introduction.. 11.2 Understanding Simple Buoyancy-Driven Dry Convection.. 11.3 Understanding Simple Buoyancy-Driven Shallow Moist Convection.. 11.3.1 A Simple Cloud Model.. 11.3.2 Initial and Boundary Conditions and Domain Definition.. 11.3.3 Numerical Model Results.. 11.4 A Cloud Ensemble Model.. 11.4.1 Kinematics and Thermodynamics.. 11.4.2 Cloud Microphysics.. 11.4.3 Conversion Processes.. 11.4.4 Modeling Results.. References.. 12 Tropical Boundary Layer.. 12.1 Empirical Concepts.. 12.1.1 The Mixing-Length Concept.. 12.1.2 The Wind Profile and Surface Drag.. 12.1.3 Bulk Aerodynamic Method.. 12.2 Observational Aspects of the Boundary Layer.. 12.3 A Simple Model of the Tropical Boundary Layer.. 12.4 Surface Similarity Theory.. 12.5 Scale Analysis of the Large-Scale Tropical Boundary Layer.. 12.6 Cross-Equatorial Flows and Planetary Boundary Layer Dynamics.. References 13 Radiative Forcing.. 13.1 Radiative Processes in the Tropics.. 13.2 Shallow Stratocumulus Clouds and Radiative Transfer.. 13.3 Surface Energy Balance.. 13.3.1 Ground Temperature Tg.. 13.3.2 Evaluating Moisture Fluxes for Hydrological Budgets and Water Cycle Studies.. 13.3.3 The Surface Sensible and Latent Heat Fluxes.. 13.3.4 Net Solar (Shortwave Radiation at the Earth Surface.. 13.3.5 Net Thermal (Longwave Radiation at the Earth Surface.. 13.3.6 Surface Sensible Heat Flux
13.3.7 Surface Latent Heat flux.. 13.4 Top of the Atmosphere Net Radiation Fluxes.. 13.4.1 The Net Solar Radiation at the Top of the Atmosphere.. 13.4.2 The Net Thermal Radiation at the Top of the Atmosphere.. 13.5 Radiative Forcing for the Hadley and East-West Circulation.. 13.6 Life Cycle of the Monsoon.. References.. 14 Dry and Moist Static Stability.. 14.1 Introduction.. 14.2 Some Useful Definitions.. 14.3 Dry and Moist Static Energy.. 14.3.1 Dry Static Energy.. 14.3.2 Moist Static Energy.. 14.4 Dry and Moist Static Stability.. 14.4.1 The Dry Static Stability Equation.. 14.4.2 The Moist Static Stability Equation.. 14.5 Observational Aspects of the Trade Wind Inversion.. Reference.. 15 Hurricane Observations.. 15.1 Introduction.. 15.2 Conventional Observations.. 15.2.1 Observations of the Inner Core.. 15.3 Tropical Cyclones Over the Indian Ocean Basin.. References.. 16 Genesis, Tracks, and Intensification of Hurricanes.. 16.1 Introduction.. 16.2 Genesis.. 16.2.1 Horizontal Shear Flow Instability.. 16.2.2 Conservation of Potential Vorticity (PV.. 16.2.3 Diabatic Effects.. 16.2.4 Order of Magnitudes for the Terms of the PV Equation in a Hurricane.. 16.3 Tracks.. 16.3.1 The β Effect.. 16.3.2 The Fujiwhara Effect.. 16.3.3 The Extratropical Transition of Tropical Cyclones.. 16.4 Intensity.. 16.4.1 The Angular Momentum Principle.. 16.4.2 Local Cylindrical Coordinates.. 16.4.3 The Torques.. 16.4.4 What Does the Angular Momentum Field in a Hurricane Look Like?.. 16.4.5 Cloud Torques.. 16.4.6 Surface Frictional Torques.. 16.4.7 What Is a Constant Angular Momentum Profile.. 16.4.8 Pressure Torques.. 16.4.9 Inner Versus Outer Forcing.. 16.4.10 Vortical Hot Towers.. 16.4.11 Vortex Rossby Waves.. Appendix 1: Transformation of shear to Curvature Vorticity.. References
17 Modeling and Forecasting of Hurricanes.. 17.1 Introduction.. 17.2 The Axisymmetric Hurricane Model.. 17.3 Current Suite of Operational Models.. 17.4 Multimodel Superensemble for Atlantic Hurricanes.. 17.5 Multimodel Superensemble for Pacific Typhoons.. 17.6 Ensemble Forecasts from a Suite of Mesoscale Models and Combination of Mesoscale and Large Scale Models for Atlantic Hurricanes.. References.. 18 Sea Breeze and Diurnal Change Over the Tropics.. 18.1 Introduction.. 18.2 Sea Breeze Models.. 18.3 Some Observational Aspects of Diurnal Changes.. 18.4 Diurnal Variation in the Monsoon Belt.. 18.4.1 Diurnal Variation in Rainfall Over India.. 18.4.2 Diurnal Change Transitions Between the Himalayan Foothills and the Eastern Tibetan Plateau.. 18.4.3 The Arritt Nomogram.. 18.4.4 Monsoonal Scale Diurnal Oscillation of the Monsoon.. References.. 19 Tropical Squall Lines and Mesoscale Convective Systems.. 19.1 Introduction.. 19.2 West African Disturbance Lines.. 19.2.1 Squall Lines "An Integral Part of the African Wave".. 19.2.2 Squall Lines Are Located Between Two Easterly Jet Streams.. 19.2.3 Other Squall Line Models.. 19.2.4 Squall and Non-squall Systems.. 19.3 Mesoscale Convective Systems.. 19.4 Organization of Convection.. References.. Index
This book is designed as an introductory course in Tropical Meteorology targeting graduate or advanced undergraduate students. The material within can be covered in a one-semester course program. The text starts from the global scale-view of the Tropics, addressing the zonally symmetric and asymmetric features of the tropical circulation. It then goes on to progressively smaller spatial and time scales - from the El Niño Southern Oscillation and the Asian Monsoon, down to tropical waves, hurricanes, sea breezes, and tropical squall lines. The emphasis in most chapters is on the observational aspects of the phenomenon in question, the theories regarding its nature and maintenance, and the approaches to its numerical modeling. The concept of scale interactions is also presented as a way of gaining insight into the generation and redistribution of energy for the maintenance of oscillations of a variety of spatial and temporal scales. eng