Plant quarantine: theory and practice / George H. Berg

Bibliografía: páginas 393-398

Glosario: páginas 359-379

Preface.. Chapter 1.. Introduction.. Chapter 2.. Plant Quarantine Fundamentals.. Prob1ems Invo1ved in Estab1ishing P1ant Quarantine Regulations.. Plant Quarantine Principles.. Components of an Approved P1ant Quarantine Service.. The Use of P1ant Quarantine in Re1ated Programs.. The Threefo1d Defense System.. Chapter 3.. Legal Aspects.. Legis1ative Background.. Criticisms and Safeguards.. Fundamental Factors to Consider in the Preparation of a Plant Quarantine Law.. Guidelines for the Preparation of a Plant Quarantine Law.. A Model of a P1ant Protection Law.. Plant Quarantine Regulations.. Chapter 4.. Biological Considerations.. Mankind Versus Plant Pests and Diseases.. Introduced Pests and Their Importance.. Natural Barriers to Pest Dispersion.. How Pest Introductions Can Occur.. Spread of Pests by Human Activities.. Pest Introductions.. Chapter 5.. Social and Economic Factors.. General Impact of the Quarantine System.. The Effect on Individuals Cost Benefit Ratio.. Financing Plant Protection/Quarantine Services.. Chapter 6.. Personnel.. Plant Quarantine Chief.. Plant Quarantine Officers.. An Officer's Title and its Significance.. Uniforms.. Chapter 7.. Quarantine Procedures at Officially Designated Entry Points.. Ship Boarding and Inspection Procedures.. Plant Quarantine Inspection Procedures at International Airports.. Plant Quarantine Inspection Procedures at Terrestrial Ports of Entry.. Chapter 8..Cargo, Baggage and Postal Inspection.. Cargo Inspection.. Baggage Inspection.. Mail Inspection.. Chapter 9.. Quarantine Interception and Reference Collections.. Information Required on Interception Form.. Chapter 10.. Inspection for Export Purposes and Certification.. Export Inspection.. Certification.. Chapter 11.. Post-entry Plant Quarantine.. Definitions and Objectives.. Categories of Plant Quarantine Facilities that Provide Post-entry Conditions or Approved Isolation

Post-entry and Intermediate Plant Quarantine Locations.. Personnel Considerations.. Physical Facilities.. Sources and Categories of Germplasm.. Precautionary Measures.. Operational Procedures.. Release of Plants Under Quarantine.. Suggestions for Post-entry Plant Quarantine Authorities.. Conclusion.. Chapter 12.. Internal Plant Quarantine Services.. Pest Eradication Programs.. Pest Containment Programs.. Retarding the Further Spread of an Existing.. Plant pest.. Pest Control programs.. Maintenance of Pest Free Areas.. Chapter 13.. Review and Evaluation of Plant Quarantine Services.. Ports of Entry and Other Locations Subject to a Review and Evaluation.. PEQ Form No. 1. Review and Evaluation of Plant Quarantine Facilities and Services at Ports of Entry.. PEQ Form No. 2. Evaluation of Individual Plant Quarantine Inspectors: Their Educational and Professional Backgroun.. PEQ Form No. 3. Evaluation of the Plant Quarantine Inspector: System of Operation and Efficiency. Maritime Ports.. PEQ Form No. 4. Evaluation of the Plant Quarantine Inspector: System of Operation and Efficiency. International Airports.. PEQ Form No. 5. Evaluation of the Plant Quarantine Inspector: System of Operation and Efficiency. Terrestrial Ports of Entry.. Chapter 14.. Survey and Research Programs.. Survey Programs.. Plant Protection and Quarantine Research.. Chapter 15.. Emergency Action Plan for Exotic Pest Introductions.. Preliminary Information Required.. Legal Aspects and Information Programs.. Survey Procedures.. Regulatory Procedures.. Eradication Procedures.. Rearing and Sterilizing Procedures.. Identification of Concerned Groups.. Concluding Remarks.. Chapter 16.. Public Relations and Information Programs.. Leadership and Public Support.. Newspapers and Related Publications.. Plant Pest Displays.. Utilization of the Radio and Television.. Meetings

Chapter 17.. International Relations.. International Plant Protection Convention of 1951.. Revised Text of the International Plant Protection Convention.. International Plant Protection Organizations.. International Agricultural Research Centers.. Chapter 18.. Evaluation and Outlook on a Regional and Global Level

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Plant quarantine laws, regulations and services are based on national and international agreements, which evolved in different parts of the world during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, as well as on agricultural and economic needs. Obviously, there exists historical background upon which is based the creatían of a plant quarantine system. The term IIquarantine" is derived froID the latín word IIquarantumll meaning forty; that is to say, a forty day periodo In other languages (Italian: quarantina; French: quarante; Spanish: cuarentena) both the source and the meaning are the same . lt originally applied to the period of detention for ships arriving from countries subject to epidemic diseases such as bubonic plague, cholera and yellow fever, with the shiplS crew and passengers being cornpelled to rernain isolated on board long enough to permit latent cases of disease to develop and be detected before any persons were allowed to land. The fixing of the isolation period at 40 days appears to have had a traditional rather than a factual background. In early times. the number 40 had acquired sorne special emphasis. For exarnple, there were 40 days and nights of rain in connection with the deluge; the Israelites spent 40 years in the wilderness; there are 40 days of Lent; and the Sto Swithin legend relates to 40 days of rain. We may assurnethat the intent of early health authorities was to establish an adequate period and the afore-rnentioned served as a basis for the length of the detention periodo If this is true, the term "quarantinell must be interpreted rnerely as an extended and possibly vaguely fixed period rather than as a definite time based on scientific knowledge. However, considering the lack of knowledge concerning the transmission or treatment of epidemic diseases at this time, this period of detention was a practical rneasure based on necessity. eng

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