Plant growth and climate change / edited by James I. L. Morison and Michael D. Morecroft

Incluye bibliografía e índice: páginas 210-213

List of contributors.. Preface.. 1. Recent and future climate change and their implications for plant growth.. 1.1 Introduction.. 1.2 The climate system.. 1.3 Mechanisms of anthropogenic climate change.. 1.4 Recent climate changes.. 1.5 Future changes in anthropogenic forcing of climate.. 1.5.1 Future global climate scenarios.. 1.5.2 Future regional climate scenarios.. 1.6 Concluding comments.. References.. 2. Plant responses to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide.. 2.1 Introduction.. 2.1.1 Overview of plant biology.. 2.1.2 A word about methodology.. 2.2 Gene expression and carbon dioxide.. 2.3 Cellular processes : photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR and carbon dioxide.. 2.3.1 C₃ photosynthesis.. 2.3.2 C₄ photosynthesis.. 2.3.3 Crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis.. 2.3.4 Photosynthetic acclimation to rising CO₂.. 2.4 Cellular processes : photosynthetic carbon oxidation (PCO and carbon dioxide.. 2.5 Single leaf response to CO₂.. 2.5.1 Leaf carbon dynamics.. 2.5.2 Inhibition of dark respiration.. 2.5.3 Leaf chemistry.. 2.5.4 Stomatal response and CO₂..2.6 Whole plant responses to rising CO₂.. 2.6.1 Plant development.. 2.6.2 Carbon dynamics.. 2.6.3 Stomatal regulation and water use.. 2.7 Plant-to-plant interactions.. 2.7.1 Plant competition : managed systems.. 2.7.2 Plant competition : unmanaged systems.. 2.7.3 How does CO₂ alter plant-to-plant interactions?.. 2.8 Plant communities and ecosystem responses to CO₂.. 2.8.1 Managed plant systems.. 2.8.2 Water use in managed systems.. 2.8.3 unmanaged plant systems.. 2.8.4 Water use in unmanaged plant systems 2.8.5 Other trophic levels.. 2.9 Global and evolutionary scales.. 2.9.1 Rising CO₂ as a selection factor.. 2.9.2 Global impacts.. 2.10 Uncertainties and limitations.. References

3. Significance of temperature in plant life.. 3.1 Two paradoxes.. 3.1.1 Paradox 1.. 3.1.2 Paradox 2.. 3.2 Baseline responses of plant metabolism to temperature.. 3.2.1 Photosynthesis.. 3.2.2 Dark respiration.. 3.3 Thermal acclimation of metabolism.. 3.4 Growth response to temperature.. 3.5 Temperature extremes and temperature thresholds.. 3.6 The temperatures experienced by plants.. 3.7 Temperature and plant development.. 3.8 The challenge of testing plant responses to temperature.. References.. 4. Temperature and plant development : phenology and seasonality.. 4.1 The origins of phenology.. 4.2 Recent changes in phenology.. 4.3 Attribution of temporal changes.. 4.3.1 Detection of phenological change.. 4.3.2 Attribution of year-to-year changes in phenology to temperature and other factors.. 4.3.3 Confounding factors.. 4.4 Evidence from continuous phenological measures.. 4.5 Possible consequences.. References.. 5. Responses of plant growth and functioning to changes in water supply in a changing climate.. 5.1 Introduction : a changing climate and its effects on plant growth and functioning.. 5.2 Growth of plants in drying soil.. 5.2.1 Hydraulic regulation of growth.. 5.3 Water relations of plants in drying soil.. 5.3.1 Water movement into and through the plant.. 5.3.2 Control of gas exchange by stomata under drought.. 5.4 Water relation targets for plant improvement in water scarce environments.. 5.5 Control of stoma, water use and growth of plants in drying soil : hydraulic and chemical signalling.. 5.5.1 Interactions between different environmental factors.. 5.5.2 Measuring the water availability in the soil : long-distance chemical signalling.. 5.5.3 The integrated response to the environment.. 5.6 Conclusions : a strategy for plant improvement and management to exploit the plant's drought response capacity.. References

6. Water availability and productivity.. 6.1 Introduction.. 6.2 Water deficits and primary productivity.. 6.2.1 Net primary productivity.. 6.2.2 Water-use efficiency 6.3 Variability in water resources and plant productivity.. 6.3.1 Temporal variability in water resources.. 6.3.2 Variability in space.. 6.3.3 In situ water redistribution - hydraulic redistribution.. 6.4 Plant communities facing drought.. 6.4.1 Species interactions with limiting water resources.. 6.4.2 Vegetation change and drought : is there an arid zone 'treeline'?.. 6.5 Droughts and wildfires.. 6.6 Agricultural and forestry perspectives.. 6.6.1 Agriculture.. 6.6.2 Forestry.. References.. 7. Effects of temperature and precipitation changes on plant communities.. 7.1 Introduction.. 7.2 Methodology.. 7.3 Mechanisms of change in plant communities.. 7.3.1 Direct effects of climate.. 7.3.2 Interspecific differences in growth responses to climate.. 7.3.3 Competition and facilitation.. 7.3.4 Changing water availability and interactions between climate variables.. 7.3.5 Interactions between climate and nutrient cycling.. 7.3.6 Role of extreme events.. 7.3.7 Dispersal constraints.. 7.3.8 Interactions with animals.. 7.4 Is community change already happening?.. Acknowledgements.. References

8. Issues in modelling plant ecosystem responses to elevated CO₂ : interactions with soil nitrogen.. 8.1 Introduction.. 8.1.1 Modelling challenges.. 8.1.2 Chapter aims.. 8.2 Representing nitrogen cycling in ecosystem models.. 8.2.1 Overview of ecosystem models.. 8.2.2 Modelling nitrogen cycling.. 8.2.3 Major uncertainties.. 8.3 How uncertain assumptions affect model predictions.. 8.3.1 Scenario 1 (base case : increased litter quantity and decreased litter quality.. 8.3.2 Scenario 2 : scenario 1 + higher litter N/C ratio.. 8.3.3 Scenario 3 : scenario 1 + increased root allocation.. 8.3.4 Scenario 4 : scenario 1 + increased N input.. 8.3.5 Scenario 5 : scenario 1 + decreased N/C ratio of new active SOM.. 8.3.6 Scenario 6 : scenario 5 + decreased N/C ratio of new slow SOM.. 8.3.7 Scenario 7 : scenario 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 + decreased slope of relation between maximum leaf potential photosynthetic electron transport rate and leaf N/C ratio.. 8.4 Model-data fusion techniques.. 8.5 Discussion.. Acknowledgements.. References.. 9. Predicting the effect of climate change on global plant productivity and the carbon cycle.. 9.1 Introduction.. 9.2 Definitions and conceptual framework.. 9.3 Empirical basis of our knowledge of carbon fluxes.. 9.3.1 NPP.. 9.3.2 NEP and NEE.. 9.3.3 GPP and NPP by remote sensing.. 9.3.4 Use of models to predict changes in plant growth and carbon fluxes at the large scale.. 9.4 Dependencies of fluxes on CO₂ light and nitrogen supply.. 9.4.1 Photosynthesis.. 9.4.2 Autotrophic respiration.. 9.4.3 Heterotrophic respiration.. 9.4.4 Ecosystem models.. 9.5 Conclusions.. Acknowledgements.. References.. Index

Evidence grows daily of the changing climate and its impact on plants and animals. Plant function is inextricably linked to climate and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. On the shortest and smallest scales, the climate affects the plant#8217;s immediate environment and so directly influences physiological processes. At larger scales, the climate influences species distribution and community composition, as well as the viability of different crops in managed ecosystems. Plant growth also influences the local, regional and global climate, through the exchanges of energy and gases between the plants and the air around them. Plant Growth and Climate Change examines the major aspects of how anthropogenic climate change affects plants, focusing on several key determinants of plant growth: atmospheric CO2, temperature, water availability and the interactions between these factors. The book demonstrates the variety of techniques used across plant science: detailed physiology in controlled environments; observational studies based on long-term data sets; field manipulation experiments and modelling. It is directed at advanced-level university students, researchers and professionals across the range of plant science disciplines, including plant physiology, plant ecology and crop science. It will also be of interest to earth system scientists. eng

Climatic conditions are key determinants of plant growth, whether at the scale of temperature regulation of the cell cycle, or at the scale of the geographic limits for a particular species. The climate is changing, due to human activities - particularly the emission of greenhouse gases - and therefore the conditions for the establishment, growth, reproduction, survival and distribution of plant species are changing.This volume explores plant growth and anthropogenic climate change, considering the effects of ecology on physiology, and agricultural as well as wider vegetation science. It focuses on the features of climate that are important to plants, emphasising aspects of temporal pattern, seasonality and extremes. Individual chapters discuss the mechanisms underlying physiological and ecological responses to the key variables in climate change - in particular, changing plant function over time (acclimation) and also between species (adaptation), functional types and growth forms. The complexities of these interactions are illustrated with reviews of recent experimental manipulations of plants at the community level in a wide range of environments, and the roles and limitations of the models widely used to predict plant growth and productivity from climate information are examined. eng