Soil chemistry / Hinrich L. Bohn, Brian L. McNeal, George A. O'Connor

Incluye bibliografía: páginas 351-356 e índice: páginas 357-375

Preface.. Acknowledgments.. 1 Introduction to Soil Chemistry.. 1.1 Historical background.. 1.2 The soil environment.. 1.2.1 Soil chemical and biological interfaces.. 1.2.2 Soil solids.. 1.2.3 Soil interaction with the hydrosphere.. 1.2.4 Interaction of soil and the atmosphere.. 1.3 Chemical reactions in soils.. 1.3.1 Flow of chemical energy in soils.. 1.3.2 Soil chemical speciation.. 1.3.3 Chemical reaction types in soils.. 1.4 Soil biogeochemical cycling.. 1.5 Soil chemical influences on food production.. 1.6 Soils and environmental health.. 1.6.1 Soil chemistry and environmental toxicology.. 1.7 Units in soil chemistry.. 1.7.1 Converting units.. 2 Properties of Elements and Molecules.. 2.1 Introduction.. 2.2 Ionization and ionic charge.. 2.3 Ionic radius.. 2.4 Molecular bonds.. 2.5 The nature of water and hydration of ions.. 3 Characteristics of Chemicals in Soils.. 3.1 Introduction.. 3.2 Occurrence of elements in soils.. 3.3 Essential elements.. 3.3.1 Plant deficiency.. 3.4 Inorganic contaminants in the environment.. 3.4.1 Assessing contamination status of soils.. 3.5 Anthropogenic organic chemicals in the soil environment.. 3.5.1 Pesticides in the environment.. 3.5.2 Chemicals of emerging concern in the environment.. 3.5.3 Chemical factors affecting organic chemical reactions in soil.. 3.6 Properties of the elements in soils.. 3.6.1 Alkali and alkaline earth cations.. 3.6.2 Major soluble anions in soils.. 3.6.3 Weakly soluble anions.. 3.6.4 Poorly soluble metal cations.. 3.6.5 Common toxic elements in soils.. 3.6.6 Major biogeochemical elements carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur.. 4 Soil Water Chemistry.. 4.1 Introduction.. 4.2 Thermodynamic approach to aqueous soil chemistry.. 4.2.1 Types of equilibrium constants.. 4.3 Calculation of ion activity.. 4.3.1 Example calculation of activity coefficient.. 4.4 Acids and bases.. 4.5 Gas dissolution.. 4.6 Precipitation and dissolution reactions.. 4.6.1 Solubility of oxides and hydroxides..

4.6.2 Calcite and carbon dioxide in soils.. 4.6.3 Solubility of soil minerals.. 4.6.4 Using equilibrium reactions to model soil mineral precipitation and dissolution reactions.. 4.7 Cation hydrolysis.. 4.8 Complexation.. 4.8.1 Predicting equilibrium for complexation reactions.. 4.8.2 Chelate reactions with metals.. 4.8.3 Trends in cation ligand affinity.. 4.8.4 Predicting complexation using the hard and soft acid-base (HASB concept.. 4.9 Using software to predict soil solution equilibrium.. 4.10 Kinetics of chemical reaction in soil solution.. 5 Redox Reactions in Soils.. 5.1 Introduction.. 5.2 Redox reactions in nature.. 5.2.1 Photosynthesis redox reactions.. 5.2.2 Electron donors in nature.. 5.2.3 Electron acceptors in nature.. 5.3 Basic approaches for characterizing soil redox processes.. 5.3.1 Measuring redox-induced changes in chemical species in soils.. 5.3.2 Predicting redox processes in soil using redox reactions.. 5.4 Quantifying redox reactions.. 5.4.1 The redox electrode.. 5.4.2 Thermodynamic models of redox reactions.. 5.4.3 Predicting redox reactions using equilibrium constants.. 5.4.4 Theoretical Eh of redox reactions.. 5.5 Redox potential limits in natural systems.. 5.6 The role of protons in redox reactions.. 5.6.1 pe-pH diagrams.. 5.6.2 Adjusting Eh for pH and species activities.. 5.7 Prediction of oxidation and reduction reactions in soils.. 5.7.1 Reduction reactions on the redox ladder.. 5.7.2 Oxidation reactions on the redox ladder.. 5.8 Redox measurement in soils.. 5.8.1 Other methods to assess redox status of soils.. 5.9 Soil redoximorphic features and iron reduction in wetlands.. 5.10 Nitrogen redox reactions in soils.. 5.11 Important concepts for understanding redox in soils.. 6 Mineralogy and Weathering Processes in Soils.. 6.1 Introduction.. 6.2 Common soil minerals.. 6.3 Crystal chemistry of minerals.. 6.3.1 Bonds in minerals.. 6.3.2 Rules for assembling minerals.. 6.3.3 Isomorphic substitution

6.3.4 Mineral formulas.. 6.4 Common primary mineral - silicates in soils.. 6.4.1 Nesosilicates.. 6.4.2 Inosilicates.. 6.4.3 Phyllosilicates.. 6.4.4 Tectosilicates.. 6.4.5 Cations in primary silicates.. 6.5 Minerals and elements in rocks.. 6.5.1 Elemental composition of rocks.. 6.6 Stability of silicates to weathering.. 6.7 Chemistry of soil weathering and mineral formation.. 6.7.1 Initial breakdown of primary minerals.. 6.7.2 Formation of soil minerals.. 6.7.3 Weathering effects on ion composition in soils.. 6.8 Formation of secondary minerals in soils.. 6.8.1 Prediction of secondary mineral formation.. 6.9 Soil carbonates.. 6.10 Evaporites.. 6.11 Soil phosphate minerals.. 6.12 Sulfur minerals.. 6.13 Time sequence of mineral formation in soils.. 6.14 Measurement of soil mineralogy.. 6.14.1 Principles of x-ray diffraction (XRD for clay mineralogy.. 7 Chemistry of Soil Clays.. 7.1 Introduction.. 7.2 Structural characteristics of phyllosilicates.. 7.2.1.. :1 Phyllosilicates.. 7.2.2.. :1 Phyllosilicates.. 7.3 Relation of phyllosilicate structure to physical and chemical properties.. 7.3.1 Interlayer bond.. 7.3.2 Surface area.. 7.3.3 c-spacing.. 7.3.4 Cation adsorption and layer charge.. 7.3.5 Shrink and swell behavior and interlayer collapse.. 7.4 Detailed properties of phyllosilicates.. 7.4.1 Kaolinite.. 7.4.2 Smectite.. 7.4.3 Vermiculite.. 7.4.4 Mica and illite.. 7.4.5 Chlorite.. 7.5 Allophane and Imogolite.. 7.6 Zeolite.. 7.7 Oxide minerals.. 7.7.1 Aluminium oxides.. 7.7.2 Iron oxides.. 7.7.3 Titanium oxides.. 7.7.4 Manganese oxides.. 7.8 Soil-mineral mixtures.. 8 Production and Chemistry of Soil Organic Matter.. 8.1 Introduction.. 8.1.1 Components in SOM.. 8.1.2 Studying SOM.. 8.2 Ecosystem carbon storage and fluxes.. 8.3 Soil organic matter formation factors.. 8.3.1 Residence time of SOM.. 8.3.2 Climate effects on SOM.. 8.3.3 SOM in wetlands.. 8.3.4 Soil mineral effects on SOM.. 8.4 Organic chemistry of SOM

8.5 Plant and microbial compounds input into soil.. 8.6 SOM decay processes.. 8.7 Humus composition and structure.. 8.8 Classical SOM fractionation.. 8.9 Function of organic matter in soil.. 8.9.1 Organic nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus.. 8.9.2 SOM influences on chemical processes.. 8.9.3 SOM influences on physical properties.. 8.9.4 Organic chemical partitioning.. 9 Surface Properties of Soil Colloids.. 9.1 Introduction.. 9.2 Permanent charge.. 9.3 pH-dependent charge.. 9.3.1 Balancing surface charge.. 9.3.2 Variable charge on phyllosilicates.. 9.3.3 pH-dependent charge on Fe and Al oxides.. 9.4 Point of zero charge of variable charged surfaces.. 9.5 pH-dependent charge of SOM.. 9.6 Hydrophobic regions of soil organic matter.. 10 Adsorption Processes in Soils.. 10.1 Introduction.. 10.1.1 Outer-sphere adsorption.. 10.1.2 Inner-sphere adsorption.. 10.1.3 Adsorption of non-charged chemicals to soil particles.. 10.1.4 Desorption.. 10.2 Cation exchange on soils.. 10.2.1 Force of ion attraction to charged surfaces.. 10.2.2 Cation exchange selectivity.. 10.2.3 Description of the diffuse double Layer.. 10.2.4 Interacting diffuse double layers from adjacent particles.. 10.2.5 Stern modification of the Gouy-Chapman DDL theory.. 10.2.6 Cation exchange equations.. 10.2.7 Measuring CEC.. 10.3 Inner-sphere adsorbed cations.. 10.3.1 Inner-sphere adsorption on minerals.. 10.3.2 Metal adsorption selectivity.. 10.3.4 Inner-sphere metal adsorption in soils.. 10.4 Anion Adsorption.. 10.4.1 Outer-sphere adsorbed anions.. 10.4.2 Inner-sphere adsorption of anions.. 10.5 Adsorption of anthropogenic organic chemicals in soils.. 10.5.1 Mechanisms of organic chemical retention.. 10.5.2 Adsorption of charged pesticides.. 10.5.3 Retention of non-ionic organic chemicals.. 10.5.4 Predicting organic chemical retention in soil.. 11 Measuring and Predicting Sorption Processes in Soils.. 11.1 Introduction.. 11.2 Sorption experiments

11.3 Predicting sorption using empirical models.. 11.4 Predicting adsorption using mechanistic models.. 11.5 Rates of adsorption.. 11.5.1 Modeling adsorption kinetics.. 11.6 Reactive transport.. 11.7 Surface precipitation.. 11.8 Analytical methods for determining adsorption mechanisms.. 12 Soil Acidity.. 12.1 Introduction.. 12.1.1 Measurement of soil acidity.. 12.2 History of soil acidity.. 12.3 The role of aluminum in soil pH.. 12.3.1 Creation of exchangeable aluminum.. 12.4 Base cations in soil solutions.. 12.4.1 Aqueous chemistry of base cations.. 12.4.2 Exchangeable base cations.. 12.5 Soil acidification processes.. 12.5.1 Organic matter influences on pH.. 12.5.2 Acidity from the nitrogen cycle.. 12.5.3 Phosphate and sulfate fertilizer additions to soil acidity.. 12.5.4 Plant root influences on soil acidity.. 12.5.5 Protonation and deprotonation of mineral surfaces.. 12.5.6 Pollution sources of soil acidity.. 12.5.7 Redox reactions.. 12.6 Aluminum and manganese toxicity.. 12.7 Plant nutrients in acid soils.. 12.8 Managing acidic soils.. 12.8.1 Predicting lime requirement.. 12.8.2 Optimal management of soil pH.. 13 Salt-Affected Soils.. 13.1 Introduction.. 13.2 Distribution and origin of salt-affected soils.. 13.2.1 Mineral weathering sources of salts.. 13.2.2 Sources of fossil salt.. 13.2.3 Atmospheric salt sources.. 13.2.4 Topographic influence on soil salt concentrations.. 13.2.5 Human sources of soil salinity.. 13.3 Characterization of salinity in soil and water.. 13.3.1 Total dissolved solids.. 13.3.2 Electrical conductivity.. 13.3.3 Sodium hazard.. 13.3.4 Exchangeable sodium percentage.. 13.3.5 Bicarbonate hazard.. 13.3.6 Other problematic solutes in irrigation water.. 13.4 Describing salt-affected soils.. 13.4.1 Saline soils.. 13.4.2 Saline-sodic soils.. 13.4.3 Sodic soils.. 13.5 Effects of salts on soils and plants.. 13.6 Salt balance and leaching requirement.. 13.7 Reclamation.. Bibliography.. Index

Soil is key to sustaining life-affecting air and water quality, the growth of plants and crops, and the health of the entire planet. Soil Chemistry 4e provides comprehensive coverage of the chemical interactions among organic and inorganic solids, air, water, microorganisms, and the plant roots in soil. The fourth edition of Soil Chemistry has been revised and updated throughout and provides a basic description of important research and fundamental knowledge in the field. The text covers chemical processes that occur in soils, including: distribution and species of nutrients and contaminants in soils; aqueous chemistry of soil solutions and mineral dissolution; oxidation and reduction reactions in soils; soil mineral formation processes and properties; the formation and reactivity of soil organic matter; surface chemistry and cation, anion, and organic compound adsorption reactions; modelling soil chemical reactions; and reactions in acid and salt affected soils. Although extensively revised with updated figures and tables, the fourth edition maintains the focus on introductory soil chemistry that has distinguished earlier editions. New chapters on properties of elements relevant to soil chemistry, and a chapter with special focus on soil surface characteristics have been added. Special Topics boxes are also included in the Fourth Edition that includes examples, noteworthy topics, and case studies. End of chapter questions are included as a resource for teaching. eng