Pesticide risk assessment for pollinators / edited by David Fischer, Thomas Moriarty

Incluye bibliografía e índice: páginas 211-220

Glosario: páginas 209-210

List of Figures.. List of Tables.. Acknowledgments.. About the Editors.. Workshop Participants.. Pellston Workshop Series.. Chapter 1 Introduction.. 1.1 Workshop Balance and Composition.. Chapter 2 Overview of the Honey Bee.. 2.1 Overview of Honey Bee Biology.. Chapter 3 Overview of Non-Apis Bees .. 3.1 Introduction.. 3.2 Non-Apis Bee Biology and Diversity.. 3.3 Opportunities for Non-Apis Bees to Inform Pollinator Risk Assessment.. 3.4 Conclusions.. References.. Chapter 4 Overview of Protection Goals for Pollinators.. 4.1 Introduction.. 4.2 Elements and Proposed Protection Goals.. 4.3 Linking Protection Goals with Assessment Endpoints.. 4.4 Protection Goals and Monitoring.. 4.5 Conclusion.. Reference.. Chapter 5 Overview of the Pesticide Risk Assessment and the Regulatory Process.. 5.1 Introduction.. 5.2 Current Approach for Assessing Effects of Pesticide Products to Pollinators.. References.. Chapter 6 Problem Formulation for an Assessment of Risk to Honey Bees from Applications of Plant Protection Products to Agricultural Crops.. 6.1 What Is Problem Formulation?.. 6.2 Case 1: Problem Formulation for a Systemic Chemical Applied to the Soil, or as a Seed-Dressing.. 6.3 Case 2: Problem Formulation for a Contact Chemical Applied as a Foliar Spray.. References.. Chapter 7 Assessing Exposure of Pesticides to Bees.. 7.1 Introduction.. 7.2 Potential Routes of Exposure for Non-ApisBees.. 7.3 Methods and Models for Estimating Exposure of Bees to Pesticides.. 7.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Pesticide Active Ingredients Which Affect Exposure.. 7.5 Information Needed to Develop Refined Predictive Exposure Models.. 7.6 Predicted Contact Exposure for Foliar-Applied Products.. 7.7 Predicted Dietary Exposure for Foliar-Applied Products.. 7.8 Predicted Exposure for Soil and Seed Treatment Systemic Compounds.. 7.9 Predicted Exposure for Tree-Injected Compounds

7.10 Measuring Pesticides in Matrices Relevant for Assessing Exposure to Bees.. 7.11 Higher Tier Studies to Assess Exposure of Pesticides to Bees.. 7.12 Health of Honey Bee Colonies Can Influence Exposure.. 7.13 Higher Tier Studies with Non-Apis Bee Species.. 7.14 Summary and Recommendations.. References.. Chapter 8 Assessing Effects Through Laboratory Toxicity Testing.. 8.1 Introduction.. 8.2 Overview of Laboratory Testing Requirements Among Several Countries.. 8.3 Uncertainties in Current Testing Paradigms.. 8.4 Limitations and Suggested Improvements for Tier 1 Testing.. 8.5 Adult Oral Chronic Toxicity-Apis Bees.. 8.6 Honey Bee Brood Tests in the Laboratory.. 8.7 Adult Toxicity Testing with Non-Apis Bees.. 8.8 Sublethal Effects and Test Developments.. 8.9 Conclusions.. References.. Chapter 9 Assessing Effects Through Semi-Field and Field Toxicity Testing.. 9.1 Introduction.. 9.2 Definition of Semi-Field and Field Studies.. 9.3 Design of a Semi-Field Study.. 9.4 Outline of a Semi-Field Study for Apis and Non-Apis Bees.. 9.5 Design of a Field Study.. 9.6 Outline of a Field Study for Apis and Non-Apis Species.. 9.7 Role of Monitoring and Incident Reporting.. 9.8 Summary.. References.. Chapter 10 Overview of a Proposed Ecological Risk Assessment Process for Honey bees (Apis mellifera and Non-Apis Bees.. 10.1 Introduction.. 10.2 Protection Goals, Assessment and Measurement Endpoints, Trigger Values for Transitioning to Higher Levels of Refinement, and Risk Assessment Terminology.. 10.3 Risk Assessment Flowcharts.. 10.4 Spray Applications.. 10.5 Soil and Seed Treatment Applications for Systemic Substances.. 10.6 Screening-Level Risk Assessments (Tier 1.. 10.7 Factors Limiting Certainty in Screening Assessments.. 10.8 Refinement Options for Screening-Level Risk Assessment.. 10.9 Conclusions on the Risks and Recommendations.. 10.10 Recommending Risk Mitigation Measures

10.11 Additional Tools in Support of Risk Assessment and to Inform Risk Management.. References.. Chapter 11 Ecological Modeling for Pesticide Risk Assessment for Honey Bees and Other Pollinators.. 11.1 Introduction.. 11.2 Example Model: Common Shrew.. 11.3 Rationale and Approaches of Mechanistic Effect Modeling.. 11.4 Modeling Practice for Risk Assessment.. 11.5 Existing Models of Pollinators.. 11.6 Discussion.. References.. Chapter 12 Data Analysis Issues.. 12.1 Study Duration.. 12.2 Replicates and Dosing.. 12.3 Long-Term Tests.. 12.4 Statistical Models.. Chapter 13 Risk Mitigation and Performance Criteria.. 13.1 The Role of Risk Management in Pollinator Protection.. 13.2 Regulatory Risk Mitigation Methods.. 13.3 Non-Regulatory Risk Mitigation Methods.. 13.4 Suggested Techniques to Mitigate Risks to Other Species of Bees.. 13.5 Pesticide Application Technologies to Mitigate Exposure to Bees.. References.. Chapter 14 Recommendations for Future Research in Pesticide Risk Assessment for Pollinators.. 14.1 Exposure.. 14.2 Effects.. References.. Appendix 1 Elements for a Chronic Adult Oral Toxicity Study.. Appendix 2 Elements of a Larval Study.. Appendix 3 Elements of Artificial Flower Test.. Appendix 4 Elements of theVisual Learning Test.. Appendix 5 Foraging Behavior with Radio Frequency Identification.. Appendix 6 Detailed Description of the Proposed Overall Risk Assessment Scheme.. Glossary of Terms.. Index.. Color plate section is located between pages 120 and 121

Pollinators play a vital role in ecosystem health and are essential to ensuring food security. With declines in both managed and wild pollinator populations in recent years, scientists and regulators have sought answers to this problem and have explored implementing steps to protect pollinator populations now and for the future. Pesticide Risk Assessment for Pollinators focuses on the role pesticides play in impacting bee populations and looks to develop a risk assessment process, along with the data to inform that process, to better assess the potential risks that can accompany the use of pesticide products. Pesticide Risk Assessment for Pollinators opens with two chapters that provide a biological background of both Apis and non-Apis species of pollinators. Chapters then present an overview of the general regulatory risk assessment process and decision-making processes. The book then discusses the core elements of a risk assessment, including exposure estimation, laboratory testing, and field testing. The book concludes with chapters on statistical and modeling tools, and proposed additional research that may be useful in developing the ability to assess the impacts of pesticide use on pollinator populations. Summarizing the current state of the science surrounding risk assessment for Apis and non-Apis species, Pesticide Risk Assessment for Pollinators is a timely work that will be of great use to the environmental science and agricultural research communities. • Assesses pesticide risk to native and managed pollinators. • Summarizes the state of the science in toxicity testing and risk assessment. • Provides valuable biological overviews of both Apis and non-Apis pollinators. • Develops a plausible overall risk assessment framework for regulatory decision making. • Looks towards a globally harmonized approach for pollinator toxicity and risk assessment. eng