Plant hormone signaling systems in plant innate immunity / P. Vidhyasekaran

Incluye bibliografía e índice: páginas 445-458

1 Introduction.. 1.1 Plant Innate Immunity.. 1.2 Salicylic Acid Signaling.. 1.3 Jasmonate Signaling.. 1.4 Ethylene Signaling.. 1.5 Abscisic Acid Signaling.. 1.6 Auxin Signaling.. 1.7 Cytokinins.. 1.8 Gibberellins.. 1.9 Brassinosteroids.. 1.10 Plant Hormone Signaling Network.. 1.11 Can Molecular Manipulation of Plant Hormone Signaling Network Help the Plant to Win the War Against Pathogens?.. References.. 2 Salicylic Acid Signaling in Plant Innate Immunity.. 2.1 Salicylic Acid as an Endogenous Immune Signal in Plants.. 2.2 Biosynthesis of Salicylic Acid in Plants.. 2.2.1 Phenylalanine Pathway.. 2.2.2 Isochorismate Pathway.. 2.2.3 Role of Regulatory Proteins (EDS1, EDS4, PAD4, EDS5, SID2 in Salicylic Acid Biosynthesis.. 2.2.4 An RNA-Binding Protein (RBP May Be Involved in SA Biosynthesis Pathway.. 2.2.5 GH3.5 Is Involved in Salicylic Acid Biosynthesis.. 2.2.6 Role of CDR1 Gene in SA Biosynthesis.. 2.2.7 Role of FMO1 Gene in SA Biosynthesis Pathway.. 2.2.8 Cytokinin May Be Involved in Activation of Salicylic Acid Biosynthesis.. 2.2.9 Some Transcription Factors May Be Involved in Accumulation of Salicylic Acid.. 2.3 Upstream of Salicylic Acid Signaling System.. 2.3.1 G-Proteins Trigger Salicylic Acid Biosynthesis in SA Signaling System.. 2.3.2 Calcium Signaling May Act Upstream of Salicylic Acid Accumulation.. 2.3.3 MAP Kinases May Act Upstream of Salicylic Acid Accumulation.. 2.3.4 Reactive Oxygen Species May Act Upstream of Salicylic Acid Accumulation.. 2.3.5 Nitric Oxide May Act Upstream of Salicylic Acid Accumulation.. 2.4 Downstream Events in Salicylic Acid Signaling.. 2.4.1 Generation of Salicylic Acid Conjugates.. 2.4.2 ROS Signaling System May Act Downstream of SA Accumulation.. 2.4.3 NO May Act Downstream of SA Accumulation.. 2.4.4 MAPK Signaling Cascade May Act Downstream in SA Signaling System.. 2.5 SA Signaling Induces Increased Expression of Transcription Factors to Activate SA-Responsive Defense-Related Genes

2.5.1 SA Induces WRKY Transcription Factors.. 2.5.2 SA Induces ERF Transcription Factors.. 2.6 NPR1 Is Master Regulator of SA Signaling.. 2.6.1 NPR1 Acts Downstream of SA Signal.. 2.6.2 SA Controls Nuclear Translocation of NPR1.. 2.6.3 SA Modulates Proteasome-Mediated Degradation of NPR1.. 2.6.4 NPR1 Interacting Proteins.. 2.6.5 SA-Dependent NPR1-Activated Transcription Factors.. 2.6.6 SA-Induced Expression of PR Genes, Independent of NPR1.. 2.7 Role of SUMO in SA Signaling System.. 2.8 SA Induces Transcription of Various Defense Genes.. 2.9 Role of SA Signaling in Stomatal Closure-Related Immune Responses Against Bacterial Pathogens.. 2.10 SA Induces Resistance Against Viruses by Modulating AOX-Mediated Alternative Respiratory Pathway.. 2.11 SA Triggers Small RNA-Directed RNA Silencing System.. 2.12 Enhancement of Small RNA-Directed RNA Silencing by Salicylate Signaling System.. 2.13 Interplay Between SA-Induced AOX-Mediated Redox Signaling and SA-Induced Small RNA-Directed RNA Silencing.. 2.14 Salicylic Acid Signaling Is Involved in Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance.. 2.15 Mobile Long-Distance Signals for Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance.. 2.15.1 Search for Long-Distance Mobile Signal.. 2.15.2 Methyl Salicylate May Be a Mobile Signal.. 2.15.3 DIR1 and Glycerol-3-Phosphate-Dependent Factor Mobile Signal Complex.. 2.15.4 Azelaic Acid May Be a Mobile Signal.. 2.15.5 Dehydroabietinal as a Mobile Signal.. 2.15.6 Pipecolic Acid as an SAR Long-Distance Signal.. 2.16 Role of Mediator Complex in SA-Mediated Systemic Acquired Resistance.. 2.17 Salicylic Acid Triggers Priming and Induces Systemic Acquired Resistance.. 2.17.1 What Is SA-Triggered Priming?.. 2.17.2 Accumulation of Dormant MAPKs May Be Involved in SA-Triggered Priming.. 2.17.3 Histone Modifications May Be Involved in Gene Priming in SA-Induced SAR.. 2.17.4 NPR1 May Be Involved in Chromatin Modification-Induced Priming

2.17.5 Histone Replacement May Be Instrumental for Priming of SA-Responsive Loci.. 2.18 Next-Generation Systemic Acquired Resistance.. 2.19 Crosstalk Between Salicylate and Jasmonate Signaling Systems.. 2.19.1 Antagonism Between SA and JA Signaling Systems.. 2.19.2 SA May Block JA Biosynthesis.. 2.19.3 SA May Suppress JA-Responsive Gene Expression.. 2.19.4 NPR1 in the Cytosol Modulates Crosstalk Between SA and JA Signaling Systems.. 2.19.5 Role of Glutaredoxin and TGA Transcription Factors in the SA-JA Crosstalk.. 2.19.6 Role of MAP Kinase 4 (MPK4 in SA and JA Crosstalk.. 2.19.7 SA May Suppress JA Signaling by Targeting GCC-Box Motifs in JA-Responsive Promoters.. 2.19.8 JA May Inhibit SA Signaling.. 2.19.9 Synergism Between SA and JA Signaling Pathways.. 2.20 Crosstalk Between SA and ET Signaling Systems.. 2.21 Crosstalk Between SA and ABA Signaling Systems.. 2.22 Crosstalk Between SA and Auxin Signaling Systems.. 2.23 Negative Regulation of Salicylate-Mediated Immunity by Brassinosteroid Signaling.. 2.24 SA Signaling System May Induce Resistance Against a Wide Range of Pathogens.. 2.24.1 SA Signaling System Is Involved in Conferring Fungal and Oomycete Disease Resistance.. 2.24.2 SA Signaling System Is Involved in Conferring Bacterial Disease Resistance.. 2.24.3 SA Signaling System Is Involved in Conferring Virus Disease Resistance.. 2.25 Pathogens May Suppress SA Signaling System to Cause Disease.. 2.25.1 Pathogens May Secrete Effectors to Suppress SA Signaling System.. 2.25.2 Pathogen Produces Toxin and Suppresses SA Signaling System to Promote Disease Development.. 2.25.3 Pathogen Manipulates the Antagonistic Effect Between SA and JA Signaling Systems to Promote Disease Development.. References.. 3 Jasmonate Signaling System in Plant Innate Immunity.. 3.1 Jasmonate Signaling System Is a Key Component in PAMP-Triggered Innate Immunity.. 3.2 Biosynthesis of Jasmonates.. 3.3 Jasmonate Biosynthesis Intermediate OPDA in Defense Signaling

3.4 JA Metabolites Involved in Defense Signaling.. 3.4.1 Methyl Jasmonate.. 3.4.2 Jasmonoyl-Isoleucine.. 3.5 Upstream of JA Biosynthesis.. 3.5.1 PAMP Triggers Enhanced Biosynthesis and Accumulation of JA.. 3.5.2 G-Proteins in the Induction of JA Biosynthesis.. 3.5.3 G-Proteins-Activated Polyamine Synthesis in Triggering JA Biosynthesis.. 3.5.4 Calcium Signature Triggers JA Biosynthesis.. 3.5.5 Role of ROS in JA Biosynthesis Pathway.. 3.5.6 Role of NO in JA Biosynthesis Pathway.. 3.5.7 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Functioning Upstream in JA Biosynthesis Pathway.. 3.5.8 Systemin Triggers JA Biosynthesis in Tomato.. 3.6 Jasmonate Receptor Complex in JA Signal Perception.. 3.6.1 COI1, an F-Box Protein, Is a Jasmonate Receptor.. 3.6.2 COI1-JAZ Receptor Complex.. 3.6.3 InsP5 Potentiates JA Perception by COI1-JAZ1 Complex.. 3.6.4 JA-Ile Promotes Physical Interaction Between JAZ1 and COI1.. 3.7 JA Signaling Pathway.. 3.7.1 JAZ Proteins Suppress JA Signaling.. 3.7.2 Role of COI1 Protein in the Degradation of JAZ Proteins by E3 Ubiquitin Ligase.. 3.7.3 Role of JA-Ile in the JAZ Degradation by 26S Proteasome.. 3.7.4 MYC2, MYC3, and MYC4 Transcription Factors Regulate JA-Responsive Gene Expression.. 3.8 Mediator Complex Regulates Transcription of JA-Responsive Genes by Interacting with Transcription Factors.. 3.9 MAP Kinases May Regulate the Downstream Events in JA Signaling Pathway.. 3.10 Histone Acetylation May Regulate JA-Mediated Signaling Systems.. 3.11 JA-Induced Pep1 Peptide Amplifies JA Downstream Signaling to Induce JA-Responsive Genes.. 3.12 Transcription Factors Acting Downstream of JA in Defense Signaling System.. 3.13 JA Signaling System-Activated Defense Genes.. 3.14 JA Signaling System Triggers Immune Responses Against Necrotrophic Pathogens.. 3.15 JA and Ethylene Signaling Pathways May Operate Concomitantly in Plant Innate Immune System.. 3.15.1 Cooperative Function of JA and ET Signaling Pathways in Plant Innate Immunity

3.15.2 ERF Transcription Factors May Concurrently Modulate JA and ET Signaling Pathways in Plant Immune System.. 3.15.3 Role of Ethylene Transcription Factors EIN3 and EIL1 in JA/ET Signaling Synergy.. 3.15.4 Ethylene Signaling System May Protect JA Signaling System Against Its SA-Mediated Suppression.. 3.16 JA Signaling May Suppress SA Signaling System.. 3.17 Suppression of JA Signaling by SA Signaling System.. 3.17.1 SA Suppresses Biosynthesis of JA.. 3.17.2 SA Suppresses JA Signaling System by Targeting GCC-Box Motifs in JA-Responsive Promoters.. 3.17.3 Role of WRKY62 Transcription Factor in the Suppression of JA Signaling by SA.. 3.17.4 Role of WRKY70 and MYB Transcription Factors in the Suppression of JA Signaling by SA.. 3.17.5 WRKY50 and WRKY51 Transcription Factors May Modulate JA Signaling Suppression by SA.. 3.17.6 Role of TGA Transcription Factors in the Suppression of JA Signaling by SA.. 3.18 Interplay Between JA and Abscisic Acid Signaling Systems in Plant Immune Responses.. 3.19 Crosstalk Between JA Signaling and Small RNA Signaling Systems.. 3.20 JA Signaling in Induced Systemic Immunity.. 3.20.1 JA Signaling Plays Major Role in Induced Systemic Resistance.. 3.20.2 Mobile Signal Involved in Induced Systemic Resistance.. 3.20.3 Priming in Induced Systemic resistance.. References.. 4 Ethylene Signaling System in Plant Innate Immunity.. 4.1 Ethylene Signaling Is an Important Component in Plant Innate Immunity.. 4.2 Ethylene Biosynthesis in Plants.. 4.2.1 Enzymes Involved in Ethylene Biosynthesis.. 4.2.2 Pathogen Infection Triggers Enhanced Expression of Ethylene Biosynthesis Genes.. 4.2.3 PAMPs/HAMPs Induce Expression of ET Biosynthesis Genes and Trigger ET Biosynthesis.. 4.2.4 G-Proteins May Trigger Ethylene Biosynthesis Pathway.. 4.2.5 Role of Ca2+ Influx-Mediated Ca2+ Signature in Ethylene Biosynthesis.. 4.2.6 Role of Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase (CDPK in Induction of Ethylene Biosynthesis

4.2.7 Reactive Oxygen Species May Trigger Transcription of Ethylene Biosynthesis Genes.. 4.2.8 Nitric Oxide May Trigger Activation of Ethylene Biosynthesis Enzymes.. 4.2.9 MAP Kinase Cascades May Induce Biosynthesis of Ethylene.. 4.2.10 Role of Ubiquitin-Proteasome in Ethylene Biosynthesis.. 4.3 Ethylene Signal Transduction Downstream of Ethylene Biosynthesis.. 4.3.1 Ethylene Signal Perception by Membrane-Bound Receptor Complex.. 4.3.2 Ethylene Receptors Physically Interact with CTR1 and Transmit the Ethylene Signal.. 4.3.3 EIN2 Acts as the Central Regulator of Ethylene Signaling.. 4.3.4 Regulation of the Interaction of EIN2 and Ethylene Receptors by Protein Phosphorylation.. 4.3.5 EIN3/EIL Family of Proteins Functioning Downstream of EIN2 in Ethylene Signaling Pathway.. 4.3.6 ETR1-RTE1-Mediated CTR1-Independent Ethylene Signaling Pathway.. 4.4 ERF Transcription Factors Functioning Downstream in Ethylene Signaling System.. 4.5 ROS and NO Signaling Systems Activate Transcription of Ethylene-Responsive Genes.. 4.6 MAPK Cascade May Regulate Ethylene Signaling System.. 4.7 Ethylene Signaling Triggers Transcription of Plant Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs in PAMP-PRR Signaling System.. 4.8 Ethylene Triggers Ca2+ Influx in Downstream Ethylene Signaling System.. 4.9 Ethylene and Jasmonate Signaling Interdependency in Triggering Plant Immune Responses.. 4.10 Ethylene Induces Transcription of Defense-Related Genes.. 4.11 Ethylene Signaling System Modulates Plant Immune Signaling System Triggering Resistance or Susceptibility Against Different Pathogens.. References.. 5 Abscisic Acid Signaling System in Plant Innate Immunity.. 5.1 Abscisic Acid as a Multifaceted Plant Hormone Signal Triggering or Suppressing Plant Defense Responses.. 5.2 ABA Biosynthesis in Innate Immune Responses.. 5.2.1 Pathogen/PAMP Triggers Biosynthesis and Accumulation of ABA.. 5.2.2 ABA Biosynthesis Pathway.. 5.2.3 G-Proteins May Be Involved in ABA Biosynthesis

5.3 ABA Perception and Signal Transduction.. 5.3.1 ABA Signaling Pathway.. 5.3.2 ABA Receptors.. 5.3.3 PYR/PYL/RCAR Negatively Regulates PP2C.. 5.3.4 ABA-Bound PYR/PYL/RCAR Can Shift ABA Signaling Status to "Active" State.. 5.3.5 ABA-Induced PP2C Phosphatase Inhibition Leads to SnRK2 Protein Kinase-Activated Phosphorylation of ABA-Responsive Genes.. 5.3.6 Phosphatases in ABA Signaling Network.. 5.3.7 Role of SnRK2 Protein Kinase in ABA Signaling . 5.3.8 Phospholipase D in ABA Signaling Pathway.. 5.4 ABA Signaling Events Downstream of PYR/ PYL/RCAR- PP2C- SNRK2 Signaling Complex.. 5.4.1 Role of G-Proteins in ABA Downstream Signaling.. 5.4.2 Role of Ca2+ Signaling System in ABA Downstream Signaling.. 5.4.3 ABA Activates ROS Signaling System Downstream of ABA Signaling System.. 5.4.4 Nitric Oxide (NO Acts Downstream of H2O2 in ABA Signaling System.. 5.4.5 MAP Kinases Function Downstream of ABA Signaling System.. 5.4.6 ABA Regulates the Expression of Several Transcription Factors.. 5.5 Systemic Movement of ABA and Intercellular ABA Signaling Pathway.. 5.5.1 AtABCG25 Is Involved in the Intercellular Transport of ABA in ABA Signaling Pathway.. 5.5.2 AtABCG40 Is Involved in Intercellular Transport of ABA in ABA Signaling Pathway.. 5.6 Interplay Between ABA and JA Signaling Systems.. 5.6.1 ABA Signaling and JA Signaling Pathways May Be Interconnected.. 5.6.2 ABA and JA May Act Cooperatively in the Induction of Defense Genes.. 5.6.3 ABA May Suppress JA-Activated Defense Responses.. 5.6.4 Role of Mediator Subunit MED25 in ABA and JA Signaling Interplay.. 5.7 Interplay Between ABA and SA Signaling Systems.. 5.7.1 ABA May Suppress SA Biosynthesis.. 5.7.2 Suppression of SA Signaling System by ABA.. 5.7.3 Reciprocal Antagonistic Interaction Between ABA and SA Signaling Systems.. 5.7.4 Synergistic Interaction Between ABA and SA Signaling Systems.. 5.8 Interplay Between ABA and Ethylene Signaling Systems

5.8.1 ABA Activates Ethylene Biosynthesis and Ethylene Signaling Pathway.. 5.8.2 Ethylene Signaling Triggers ABA Biosynthesis.. 5.8.3 Synergistic and Antagonistic Interaction Between ABA and Ethylene Signaling Systems.. 5.9 ABA Signaling System May Trigger Defense Responses Against Pathogens.. 5.9.1 ABA Signaling Is Involved in Conferring Resistance Against a Wide Range of Pathogens.. 5.9.2 ABA Signaling System Triggers Callose Deposition and Confers Disease Resistance.. 5.9.3 ABA Signaling Cascade May Trigger Stomatal Closure Immune Responses.. 5.9.4 ABA Signaling May Modulate Other Hormone Signaling Systems and Trigger Defense Responses.. 5.10 ABA Signaling System May Confer Susceptibility Against Pathogens.. 5.10.1 ABA Induces Susceptibility Against Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens.. 5.10.2 ABA May Suppress Plant Immune Responses and Induce Susceptibility.. 5.10.3 ABA May Modulate JA, SA, and ET Signaling Pathways and Confer Susceptibility Against Pathogens.. 5.11 Pathogens May Suppress Host Defense Mechanisms by Activating ABA Signaling System to Cause Disease.. 5.12 Pathogens May Hijack ABA Signaling Pathway to Cause Disease.. 5.13 Pathogen Produces Toxins/Effectors and Suppresses ABA-Dependent Defenses.. References.. 6 Auxin Signaling System in Plant Innate Immunity.. 6.1 Auxin as a Signaling Molecule.. 6.2 Auxin Biosynthesis.. 6.3 Auxin Signaling Pathway.. 6.3.1 Auxin-Binding Proteins/Receptors.. 6.3.2 Auxin-IAA Proteins.. 6.3.3 Auxin Response Factor (ARF Proteins.. 6.3.4 Auxin-Inducible Gene Expression.. 6.3.5 Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Auxin Signaling Pathway.. 6.3.6 Auxin Homeostasis.. 6.3.7 Auxin Transport.. 6.4 Pathogen Infection Elevates Auxin Biosynthesis in Plants.. 6.5 Antagonism Between Auxin Signaling and PAMPs/Elicitors-Triggered Signaling Systems.. 6.6 Antagonism Between Auxin Signaling and HAMP/ Endogenous Elicitor-Triggered Signaling Systems

6.7 Interplay Between Auxin Signaling and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Mediated Signaling Systems.. 6.8 Nitric Oxide Modulates Auxin Signaling.. 6.9 Interaction Between Auxin and Salicylic Acid (SA Signaling Systems.. 6.9.1 Repression of Auxin Signaling Pathway by Salicylic Acid.. 6.9.2 Auxin Signaling Compromises the Induction of SA Signaling.. 6.9.3 Auxin Response Gene (GH3 Modulates SA Signaling.. 6.10 Role of Auxin Signaling in Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR.. 0 6.11 Interactions Between Auxin and Jasmonate Signaling Systems.. 6.12 Interaction Between Auxin and Ethylene Signaling Systems.. 6.13 Interaction Between Small RNAs and Auxin Signaling Systems.... 6.14 Auxin Signaling May Promote Susceptibility.. 6.14.1 Enhanced Auxin Levels Promote Susceptibility.. 6.14.2 Role of Auxin Receptors in Promoting Disease Susceptibility.. . 7 6.14.3 Role of Aux/IAA Proteins in Promoting Susceptibility.. 6.14.4 Role of the Auxin-Responsive GH3 Genes in Promoting Disease Susceptibility.. 6.14.5 Conjugated Auxin Promotes Plant Disease Susceptibility.. 6.14.6 Role of Auxin Transport System in Promoting Disease Susceptibility.. 6.15 Auxin Signaling May Promote Plant Disease Resistance.. 6.15.1 Overexpression of Auxin-Responsive Genes Promote Disease Resistance.. 6.15.2 Auxin Response Factors Modulate Plant Defense Responses.. 6.15.3 Exogenous Application of Auxin Induces Plant Disease Resistance.. References.. 7 Cytokinin Signaling System in Plant Immunity.. 7.1 Cytokinin Signaling in Plant Immune System.. 7.2 Cytokinin Biosynthesis.. 7.3 Cytokinin Degradation.. 7.4 Cytokinin Signal Perception and Transduction.. 7.4.1 Cytokinin Receptors.. 7.4.2 Cytokinin Phosphorelay Signaling System.. 7.5 Cytokinin-Responsive Genes.. 7.6 Cytokinins May Be Involved in Triggering Defense Responses.. 7.6.1 Cytokinins Confer Resistance Against Pathogens.. 7.6.2 Cytokinin Augments Plant Immune Responses by Enhancing Callose Deposition

7.6.3 Cytokinin May Trigger Accumulation of Antimicrobial Phytoalexins to Confer Disease Resistance.. 7.6.4 Cytokinins Induce Priming of Plant Cells for Activation of Defense-Related Genes.. 7.6.5 Cytokinin May Modulate SA Signaling System to Trigger Immune Responses.. 7.6.6 Cytokinins May Induce Resistance Independently of SA Signaling System.. 7.6.7 Cytokinins May Modulate Redox Signaling to Trigger Immune Responses.. 0 7.7 Cytokinins May Induce Susceptibility.. 7.8 Interplay Between Cytokinin and SA Signaling Pathways in Plant Immune System.. 7.8.1 Cytokinin May Enhance SA Biosynthesis.. 7.8.2 Type-B ARR Interacts with TGA3 of SA Signaling Pathway to Trigger Immune Responses.. 7.8.3 Type-A ARRs Negatively Regulate SA-Dependent Immune Responses.. 7.8.4 Cytokinin Synergistically Acts with SA to Trigger Immune Responses.. 7.9 Interaction Between Cytokinin and Abscisic Acid Signaling Systems.. 7.10 Interplay Between Cytokinin and Auxin Signaling Systems in Plant Immunity.. References.. 8 Gibberellin Signaling in Plant Innate Immunity.. 8.1 Role of Gibberellins in Plant Immune Responses.. 8.2 Biosynthesis of Gibberellins.. 8.3 GA Signaling Pathway.. 8.3.1 GA Signal Receptors.. 8.3.2 DELLA Proteins, Repressors of GA Signaling.. 8.3.3 Suppression of the Repressive Activity of DELLAs by Proteasome-Dependent Degradation of DELLAs.... 8.4 GA Triggers Susceptibility or Resistance Against Different Pathogens.. 8.4.1 GA Triggers Resistance Against Pathogens.. 8.4.2 GAs May Negatively Regulate Plant Defense Responses and Induce Susceptibility.. 8.5 Interplay of GA Signaling System with SA Signaling System in Modulating Plant Immune System.. 8.6 Interplay of GA and JA Signaling Systems in Modulating Plant Immune System.. 8.6.1 Antagonistic Interaction Between GA and JA Signaling Systems.. 8.6.2 JA Induces Enhanced Expression of DELLA Genes Involved in GA Signaling

8.6.3 DELLAs Modulate JA Responses by Degrading JAZ Proteins and/or Sequestering JAZs into Inactive Complexes.. 8.6.4 GA Attenuates the Expression of JA-Responsive Genes.. 8.7 Interplay Between GA and Brassinosteroids Signaling Systems in Plant Immune Responses.. 8.8 Interplay Between GA and Auxin Signaling Systems.. 8.9 GA May Be Involved in Triggering Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR.. 8.10 Pathogen May Suppress GA Signaling Pathway to Cause Disease.. References.. 9 Brassinosteroid Signaling in Plant Immune System.. 9.1 Brassinosteroids Modulate Plant Immune Responses.. 9.2 Biosynthesis of Brassinosteroids.. 9.2.1 Pathogen Triggers Brassinosteroid (BR Biosynthesis.. 9.2.2 BR Biosynthesis via Mevalonate Pathway.. 9.2.3 Early and Late C-6 Oxidation Pathways Involved in BR Biosynthesis.. 9.2.4 C-22 Oxidation Branch in Brassinosteroid Biosynthetic Pathway.. 9.2.5 Homeostasis of Brassinosteroids.. 9.3 Brassinosteroid Signaling System.. 9.3.1 BRI1 as a Brassinosteroid Receptor.. 9.3.2 BRL1 as an Additional BR Receptor.. 9.3.3 BAK1 Acts as a Co-receptor in BR Signal Reception.. 9.3.4 Autophosphorylation of BRI1 and BAK1.. 9.3.5 BKI1, a Negative Regulator of BRI1 Signaling.. 9.3.6 BR Signaling Events Downstream of BR Signal Perception.. 9.3.7 Brassinosteroid-Signaling Kinases (BSKs.. 9.3.8 BRI1 SUPPRESSOR 1 (BSU1 Phosphatase.. 9.3.9 MSBP1 Negatively Regulates Brassinosteroid Signaling.. 9.3.10 CDG1 in BR Signal Transduction.. 9.3.11 BIN2 Negatively Regulates BR Signaling.. 9.3.12 Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A.. 9.3.13 BZR1 and BES1 (BZR2 Transcription Factors.. 9.3.14 Function of 14-3-3 Proteins in Regulation of Activities of BZR Transcription Factors.. 9.4 Pathogen Modulates Brassinosteroid Signaling System in Infected Plants.. 9.5 BR Signaling Triggers Plant Disease Resistance.. 9.6 BAK1 in the BR Signaling Pathway Triggers Plant Disease Resistance

9.7 BR Signaling Machinery Negatively Regulates Plant Immune Responses and Induces Susceptibility.. 9.8 Brassinosteroid Signaling Negatively Regulates Salicylate-Mediated Immunity.. 9.9 BR Signaling Negatively Regulates Gibberellic Acid (GA-Mediated Plant Immune Responses.. 9.10 Interplay Between BR and PAMP-PRR Signaling Systems.. 9.10.1 PAMP-PRR Signaling Complex.. 9.10.2 Crosstalk Between BR Biosynthesis Pathway and PAMP-PRR Signaling.. 9.10.3 Overexpression of BRI1 Antagonizes BAK1-Mediated PAMP-PRR Signaling.. 9.10.4 BR-Responsive Transcription Regulator BZR1 May Suppress PAMP-PRR Signaling System.. 9.10.5 Antagonistic Regulation of PAMP-Triggered Immunity by the bHLH transcription Factor HBI1.. 9.10.6 Activation of BRI1 Pathway Leads to Inhibition of PAMP-Triggered Immunity.. 9.10.7 Inhibition of PRR-Mediated Immune Signaling by BR Perception.. 9.11 Pathogen Hijacks Brassinosteroid Signaling Machinery to Cause Disease.. 9.12 Crosstalk Between BR and Other Hormone Signaling Systems.. References.. Index

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Plants are endowed with innate immune system, which acts as a surveillance system against possible attack by pathogens. Plant innate immune systems have high potential to fight against viral, bacterial, oomycete and fungal pathogens and protect the crop plants against wide range of diseases. However, the innate immune system is a sleeping system in unstressed healthy plants. Fast and strong activation of the plant immune responses aids the host plants to win the war against the pathogens. Plant hormone signaling systems including salicylate (SA), jasmonate (JA), ethylene (ET), abscisic acid (ABA), auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins and brassinosteroids signaling systems play a key role in activation of the sleeping immune systems. Suppression or induction of specific hormone signaling systems may result in disease development or disease resistance. Specific signaling pathway has to be activated to confer resistance against specific pathogen in a particular host. Two forms of induced resistance, systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR), have been recognized based on the induction of specific hormone signaling systems. Specific hormone signaling system determines the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions, culminating in disease development or disease resistance. Susceptibility or resistance against a particular pathogen is determined by the action of the signaling network. The disease outcome is often determined by complex network of interactions among multiple hormone signaling pathways. Manipulation of the complex hormone signaling systems and fine tuning the hormone signaling events would help in management of various crop diseases. eng

The book highlights the cutting-edge breakthroughs in the field of plant hormones-modulated priming plant innate immunity. It describes histone memory for information storage in gene priming, chromatin remodeling in priming, histone modifications in gene priming, DNA methylation in trans generational SAR, mobile signal complex, membrane signal receptor complex, Mediator complex, GCC motifs in JA responsive promoters, JAZ proteins, JAZ-COI1 complex, assembly of NINJA-IPL corepressor complex in JAZ scaffold, histone acetylation in JA-mediated signaling, crosstalk between hormones- and small RNA signaling systems, PYR/PYL/RCAR-PP2C-SnRK2 signaling complex, stomatal closure immune responses, hijacking hormone signaling pathways for pathogenesis, ubiquitin-proteasomes in hormone signaling pathways, phosphorelay signaling systems, DELLA proteins, and PAMP-PRR-hormone signaling interplay. The author explains the complex hormone signaling network providing more than 100 figures elucidating the different plant hormone biosynthesis pathways and also their signal transduction pathways. These features and more make this book the most up to date resource in the most fascinating field of 'Signals and Signaling Systems in Plant Innate Immunity'. eng

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