Landscape ecology: a widening foundation / Vittorio Ingegnoli

Incluye bibliografía: páginas 335-345 e índice: páginas 348-357

Glosario: páginas 323-333

Section I Principles of Landscape Ecology.. 1 The Landscape as a Specific Living Entity.. 1.1 The Emergence of the Concept of Landscape.. 1.1.1 The Concept of Landscape in the Ancient World.. 1.1.2 The Concept of Landscape in the Last Twenty Centuries.. 1.1.3 The Concept of Landscape as a Scientific Object.. 1.2 The Development of Landscape Ecology.. 1.2.1 The Emergence of Landscape Ecology as a Discipline.. 1.2.2 The Foundation of the IALE.. 1.3 Main Tendencies in Landscape Ecology.. 1.3.1 Discerning for unifying: The Four Main Disciplinary Models.. 1.3.2 The Need To Clarify.. 1.4 The Principal Limits of General Ecology.. .4.1 Contrasts and Scalar Sequence in Developing Ecological.. Chapters.. 1.4.2 Too Much Reductionism 1.4.3 Problems in Defining the Landscape and Studying Complex.. Systems.. 1.5 The Chief Consequences of the New Scientific Paradigms in Ecology.. 1.5.1 Paradigms in Synthesis.. 1.5.2 Consequence: The Behaviour of Natural Systems.. 1.5.3 Consequence: Observation and Prescriptions.. 1.5.4 Consequence: The Problem of Scale.. 1.6 Revision of the Hierarchy of Levels of Life Organisation.. 1.6.1 The Present Situation.. 1.6.2 The Hierarchy of Levels of Life Organisation.. 1.6.3 Proper and Exportable Characters.. 1.7 Toward a Widening Foundation.. 1.7.1 The Basis for a More Unified Discipline.. 1.7.2 The Core Characters of the New Disciplinary Model.. Some Concepts on a General Living Systems Theory.. 2.1 Living Systems and Complexity.. 2.1.1 Main Characters of Living Systems.. 2.1.2 Studying Complexity.. 2.2 The Systemic Paradigm.. 2.2.1 About the Definition and Significance of a System.. 2.2.2 Hierarchical Systems.. 2.2.3 Dynamic Systems.. 2.2.4 Some Notes on Entropy and Time.. 2.2.5 Dissipative Systems.. 2.2.6 Stability of a Dissipative System.. 2.3 Complex Systems and Self-Organisation.. 2.3.1 Cybernetics and Self-Organising Systems.. 2.3.2 Some Notes on Information Theory

2.3.3 Autocatalytic Systems.. 2.3.4 Some Notes on the Chaos Paradigm.. 2.3.5 Complex Systems between Order and Chaos 2.3.6 Order Through Fluctuations: an Answer for Complex.. Organised Systems.. 2.4 Metastability and Disturbances.. 2.4.1 The Concept of Metastability.. 2.4.2 The Importance of Disturbances in Ecological Systems.. Landscape Structure.. 3.1 Structural Models.. 3.1.1 Mosaic and Variegation Models.. 3.1.2 The Ecotissue Model.. 3.2 Landscape Elements.. 3.2.1 The Landscape Elements in Our Discipline.. 3.2.2 The Hierarchy of Pattern Components of Landscape.. 3.2.3 Tesserae and Ecotopes.. 3.3 Spatial Configurations.. 3.3.1 Patches and Corridors.. 3.3.2 Landscape Matrix.. 3.4 Functional Configurations.. 3.4.1 Landscape Apparatus.. 3.4.2 Landscape Units.. 3.5 Landscape Classification.. 3.5.1 Landscapes.. 3.5.2 Dominance of Man-Made Artefacts.. 3.5.3 Phytosociologic Criteria.. 3.5.4 Hierarchic Factors Criteria.. 3.5.5 Integrated Landscape Apparatuses Criteria.. 3.6 Landscape Systems and Ecoregions.. 3.6.1 Ecoregions.. 3.6.2 Landscape Systems.. 4 Landscape Dynamic.. 4.1 Complex Articulation.. 4.2 General Processes.. 4.2.1 Main Interactions.. 4.2.2 Geomorphic Processes and Soil Formation.. 4.3 Processes Related to Landscape Structure.. 4.3.1 Functions of Landscape Elements.. 4.3.2 Fragmentation and Connectivity Processes.. 4.3.3 Complementation, Resistance and Strategic Points.. 4.3.4 Landscape Types and Ecological Population Density.. 4.4 Delimitation Processes.. 4.4.1 Landscape Boundaries.. 4.4.2 Ecotones.. 4.5 Main Movement Processes.. 4.5.1 Geo-climatic Movements.. 4.5.2 Biological Movements.. 4.6 Information Processes.. 4.6.1 Landscape and Evolution.. 4.6.2 Information Control.. 4.7 Reproductive Processes.. 4.7.1 Landscape Reproduction.. 4.7.2 Recolonisation.. 4.8 Metastability Processes.. 4.8.1 The Biological Territorial Capacity.. 4.8.2 Landscape Metastability.. 4.8.3 Landscape Disturbances

5 Landscape Transformation and Pathology 5.1 Landscape T ransformation.. 5.1.1 Limits of Traditional Ecological Succession.. 5.1.2 Basic Transformation Processes.. 5.1.3 Main Transformation Processes in Vegetated Elements.. 5.1.4 Landscape Transformation.. 5.1.5 Control of Transformation Processes.. 5.2 Landscape Alteration.. 5.2.1 Principal Conditions of Alteration.. 5.2.2 Examples of Evaluation of the Levels of Alteration.. 5.2.3 Changes in the Development Direction.. 5.3 Toward a Clinical Pathology of Landscape.. 5.3.1 Clinical Diagnostic Method.. 5.3.2 Syndromes Classification.. 5.3.3 Main Landscape Syndromes.. 5.4 Perception of Landscape Pathologies.. 5.4.1 Comparison with Past Situations.. 5.4.2 Aesthetic vs Semiotic Perception.. 5.5 Landscape Pathology and Human Health.. 5.5.1 Landscape Pollution.. 5.5.2 Landscape Structure Degradation and Dysfunction.. 6 Theoretical Influence of Landscape Ecology.. 6.1 Toward a Unified Ecology.. 6.1.1 Disciplinary Fields.. 6.1.2 The Need to Integrate Ecological Fields.. 6.2 Influence on Vegetation Science.. 6.2.1 The Present Situation and Its Limits.. 6.2.2 Evolving Proposals.. 6.2.3 Integrative Approaches.. 6.3 Influence on Faunistic Studies.. 6.3.1 Preliminary Considerations.. 6.3.2 Evolving Theory.. 6.4 Influence on Human Ecology.. 6.4.1 Culture and Landscapes.. 6.4.2 Balancing Culture and Science.. 6.5 Influence on Conservation Biology.. 6.5.1 Conservation Biology and Landscape Ecology.. 6.6 Influence on Urban Ecology and Territorial Planning.. 6.6.1 Strategic Role of Landscape Ecology.. 6.6.2 Change in Planning Methodologies.. Section II Landscape Methodology and Applications.. 7 Landscape Analysis 7.1 Landscape Survey and Representation.. 7.1.1 Observation and Control of Landscape Physiognomy.. 7.1.2 Elaborated Drawings.. 7.2. Ecological Measures.. 7.2.1 General Ecological Indexes.. 7.2.2 Urban Ecological Measures.. 7.3 Measures of Vegetation.. 7.3.1 Leaf Area and El

7.3.1 Leaf Area and Ellenberg Indexes.. 7.3.2 Vegetation Form.. 7.3.3 Plant Biomass.. 7.3.4 Vertical Structure of Vegetation.. 7.4 Neutral Models for Measuring Landscape.. 7.4.1 Gravity Model and Transition Matrix.. 7.4.2 Measure of Connection.. 7.4.3 Fractal Geometry Measures.. 7.5 Biological Territorial Capacity Indexes.. 7.5.1 BTC Evaluation.. 7.5.2 Standard BTC Classes and Landscape Types.. 7.6 Other Analyses.. 7.6.1 Influence Fields of Network Elements.. 7.6.2 River Functionality Index.. 7.7 Summary of the Most Important Indexes.. 8 Landscape Components Evaluation.. 8.1 Climatic and Géomorphologie Aspects.. 8.1.1 Climate Evaluation.. 8.1.2 Géomorphologie Evaluation.. 8.2 Evaluation of the Vegetation Components.. 8.2.1 Methodological Criteria.. 8.2.2 Forest Evaluation.. 8.2.3 Other Vegetation Types.. 8.3 Evaluation of the Faunal Components.. 8.3.1 Presence of Permeant and Engineer Species.. 8.3.2 Faunal Sensitivity in a Landscape Unit.. 8.4 Human Elements and Their Evaluation.. 8.4.1 Theoretical Standard Habitat.. 8.4.2 Human Habitat Measure.. 8.4.3 Human Habitat Evaluation and Control.. 9 Landscape Criteria of Evaluation and Diagnosis 9.1 Criteria of Evaluation and Diagnosis.. 9.1.1 Diagnostic Methodology.. 9.1.2 A Split Method for Models.. 9.1.3 Fuzzy Logic: Model-Free Evaluation.. 9.2 General Landscape Diagnosis.. 9.2.1 Main Methodological Criteria.. 9.2.2 Ecotope Diagnosis.. 9.2.3 Evaluation of the Best Therapy.. 10 Landscape Ecology and Sustainability.. 10.1 Economy, Ecology and Sustainability.. 10.1.1 Economy and Ecology.. 10.1.2 The Two Ecological-Economics Paradigms.. 10.1.3 Uneconomic Growth.. 10.2 Landscape Ecology and Sustainability.. 10.2.1 A Crucial Ecological Discipline.. 10.2.2 The Ecological State of the Earth.. 10.2.3 The Evaluation of the Transformations of the Ecosphere.. 10.3 Principles of Landscape Ecology for Sustainability.. 10.3.1 Principles Related to Landscape Structure

10.3.2 Principles Related to Landscape Dynamics.. 10.4 Environmental Ethics.. 10.4.1 The Need of Ethics for Sustainability.. 10.4.2 Truth and Non-violence.. 11 Landscape Ecology and Conservation Biology.. 11.1 Naturalness and Parks.. 11.1.1 The Concept of Naturalness.. 11.1.2 Natural Parks and Reserves.. 11.2 Biodiversity and Landscapes.. 11.2.1 Considerations on Biodiversity.. 11.2.2 Landscape Diversity and Metastability.. 11.3 Landscape Conservation Criteria.. 11.3.1 General Considerations.. 11.3.2 Ecological Networks.. 11.3.3 Merits and Limits of Ecological Networks.. 11.4 Conservation Biology, Bioengineering and Restoration Ecology.. 11.4.1 Bioengineering.. 11.4.2 Rehabilitation Ecology.. 11.5 Preservation of Traditions Rooted in the Landscape.. 11.5.1 Human Traditions Rooted into the Landscape.. 11.5.2 Landscapes and Archaeology.. 12 Environmental Design and Territorial Planning 12.1 Design and Planning: An Ecological and Ethological Process.. 12.1.1 The Process of Design.. 12.1.2 Vernacular Design and Planning.. 12.2 Requirement of a New Planning Methodology.. 12.2.1 Large-Scale Changes.. 12.2.2 Urban Ecology Problems.. 12.2.3 Changes in Agricultural Landscapes.. 12.3 Design and Planning with Nature.. 12.3.1 Basic Methodology.. 12.3.2 Principles of Landscape Ecology for Planning.. 12.3.3 Underlining Some Planning Problems.. 12.3.4 Planning Criteria Depending on the Remnant Patch System.. 13 Examples of Application.. 13.1 Introduction.. 13.2 Studies on the Bialowieza Landscape (Poland.. 13.2.1 Synthetic Landscape Description.. 13.2.2 The Polana and the National Park.. 13.3 Regional Transformations Across Europe.. 13.3.1 Objective and Method.. 13.3.2 Regional Dynamics.. 13.4 Planning Criteria on a Suburban Park in Milan (Italy.. 13.4.1 Introduction and Analysis.. 13.4.2 Diagnosis and Planning Criteria.. 13.5 Agricultural Landscape Dynamic in Burkina (Africa.. 13.5.1 Territorial Frame

13.5.2 Landscape Ecological Considerations .. Glossary .. Elena GIGLIO INGEGNOLI References.. Index

A general agreement of what is meant by the subject landscape ecology is still lacking. Therefore, it is necessary to reach a manifold but unique definition of landscape, to recognise what is important about landscapes and to arrive at a disciplinary model capable of utilising and integrating the existing different points of view on landscape ecology. If that is done, then all the applications related to the land can be set in a correct framework using a consequent effective methodology. This is the aim of this book. It provides a wide range of theories, of simple useful equations and of tested methods for the analysis and diagnosis of the ecological state of a landscape, including several case studies. Further, the diverse European and North American approaches and perspectives have coalesced for the first time. And, it proposes a new approach to understand landscape pathology and degradation. This book is written for a broad audience: students of biology and natural sciences, agronomy and forestry, environmental engineering, territorial planning and landscape architecture, as well as for professionals and managers of the environment. It is hoped that it will also aid in the training of new professionals such as environmental physicians too, because the challenge of sustainability is a continuous one. eng