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Although birds belong to the best known animal groups, their systematics has not been fully resolved yet. Among the approximately 80 Neotropical owl species, there are monotypic genera such as Lophostrix, complex and diverse genera such as Megascops or Glaucidium, as well as widespread and variable taxa such as Bubo virginianus and Tyto furcata. Based on a literature review, we provide here an overview of the current taxonomy and nomenclature of Neotropical owls, and indicate knowledge gaps as focus points for future research. Inglés