Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle / Robert J. Van Saun

Incluye bibliografía e índice: páginas 363-381

Preface.. Acknowledgments.. Summary.. 1 Defining Requirements.. Introduction.. Reporting and Application of the Requirements.. References.. 2 Dry Matter Intake.. Introduction.. Physical Limitations.. Metabolic Control.. Integration of Signals.. Equations for Predicting Dry Matter Intake.. Feeding Management, Feeding Behavior, and Environmental Factors Affecting Feed Intake.. References.. 3 Energy.. Energy Units.. Energy Values of Feeds.. Overall Energy Scheme.. Feed Fractions.. Estimating the Digestible Energy Value for Feeds and Diets.. Energy Requirements.. References.. 4 Fat.. Introduction.. Rumen Metabolism, Digestion, and Absorption.. Model Used for Fatty Acid Digestion.. Milk Fat Composition.. Lactating Cow Responses to Dietary Fat.. Dietary Fat Interventions and Reproduction.. Dairy Fat and Human Health and Possible Modification of Milk Fat.. Save.. Cancel.. Summary.. References.. 5 Carbohydrates.. Introduction.. Neutral Detergent Fiber.. Neutral Detergent-Soluble Carbohydrates.. Ruminal and Total-Tract Digestion.. Prediction of Ruminal Carbohydrate Digestibility.. Physically Effective Neutral Detergent Fiber.. Recommendations.. References.. 6 Protein.. Introduction.. Major Differences from the Previous Version.. Metabolizable Protein and Amino Acid Supply.. Postabsorptive Use of Metabolizable Protein and Amino Acid.. Meeting the Recommendations for Metabolizable Protein and Amino Acid.. Protein and Dry Matter Intake.. Effects of Protein on Reproduction.. Urea Recycling and Energy Cost.. References.. 7 Minerals.. Macrominerals.. Microminerals.. References.. 8 Vitamins.. Introduction.. Fat-Soluble Vitamins.. Water-Soluble Vitamins.. References.. 9 Water.. Introduction.. Pools of Body Water.. Water Balance.. Water Losses.. Water Quality.. References.. 10 Nutrient Requirements of the Young Calf.. Introduction.. Body Weight Conversions.. Dry Matter Intake.. Energy Requirements of Calves.. Effects of Sources of Energy.. Protein Requirements.. Calculation of Metabolizable Energy Values of Feeds.. Validation of Model with Experimental Data.. Energy and Protein Requirements for Calves.. Mineral and Vitamin Requirements of Calves.. Save.. Cancel.. Practical Feeding Considerations.. Other Aspects of Calf Nutrition.. References

11 Growth.. Introduction.. Energy and Protein Requirements for Growing Dairy Heifers.. Effects of Plane of Nutrition on Future Milk Production.. Total Requirements for Metabolizable Energy and Metabolizable Protein.. Target Body Weights at Breeding and Calving.. Predicting Gain from Available Metabolizable Energy and Metabolizable Protein.. Heifer Growth Programs.. Model Limitations and Research Needs.. References.. 12 Dry and Transition Cows.. Metabolic and Physiologic Status of the Transition Cow.. Nutrient Requirements for Pregnancy and Transition.. Etiology and Nutritional Prevention of Metabolic Disorders.. References.. 13 Dairy Production Systems.. Group Housed with Total Mixed Rations.. Pasture-Based Systems.. Feeding and Automatic Milking Systems.. Organic Dairy Systems.. Genetically Engineered Crops and Dairy Cattle.. References.. 14 Dairy Cattle Nutrition and the Environment.. Introduction.. Methane.. Nitrogen.. Volatile Organic Compounds.. Integrated Approaches.. Minerals.. Total Manure.. References.. 15 Feed By-Products.. Introduction.. Poorly Digestible Fiber.. Digestible Energy.. Protein Feeds.. Energy/Protein By-Products.. References.. 16 Feed Additives.. Introduction.. Ionophores.. Yeast and Direct-Fed Microbials.. Silage Inoculants.. Save.. Cancel.. Enzymes.. Essential Oils and Other Phytonutrients.. References.. 17 Agents That Are Toxic To Dairy Cattle.. Introduction.. Plant Secondary Compounds and Toxic Agents Produced in Plants.. Mycotoxins.. Microbes as Toxic Agents in Feed or Water.. Prions.. References.. 18 Feed Analysis.. Introduction.. Chemical and Physical Analyses.. Digestion Analyses.. References.. 19 Nutrient Composition of Feeds.. Introduction.. Source of Data.. Statistical Analysis and Generation of Data.. References.. 20 Model Description and Evaluation.. Model Abbreviations and Units.. Model Inputs.. Nutrient Supply Model.. Nutrient Utilization and Animal Production.. Model Evaluations.. Model Variance Relative to Animal Performance and Diet Specifications.. Model Application in R.. References.. 21 Nutrient Requirement Tables.. Appendixes.. A Statement of Task.. B Acronyms and Abbreviations.. C Committee Member Biographies

This widely used reference has been updated and revamped to reflect the changing face of the dairy industry. New features allow users to pinpoint nutrient requirements more accurately for individual animals. The committee also provides guidance on how nutrient analysis of feed ingredients, insights into nutrient utilization by the animal, and formulation of diets to reduce environmental impacts can be applied to productive management decisions. The book includes a user-friendly computer program on a compact disk, accompanied by extensive context-sensitive "Help" options, to simulate the dynamic state of animals. The committee addresses important issues unique to dairy science-the dry or transition cow, udder edema, milk fever, low-fat milk, calf dehydration, and more. The also volume covers dry matter intake, including how to predict feed intake. It addresses the management of lactating dairy cows, utilization of fat in calf and lactation diets, and calf and heifer replacement nutrition. In addition, the many useful tables include updated nutrient composition for commonly used feedstuffs. eng