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Domestication of amazonian forests / Carolina Levis

Por: Levis, Carolina [autora].
Bongers, Frans [promotor] | Peña Claros, Marielos [co-promotor] | Costa, F. R. C [co-promotor] | Clement, C. R [co-promotor].
Tipo de material: Tesis
 impreso(a) 
 
  y electrónico  
  Tesis impreso(a) y electrónico Editor: Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen University. Instituto National de Pesquisas da Amazônia, 2018Descripción: 267 páginas : fotografías, mapas, retratos ; 24 centímetros.Tipo de contenido: Texto Tipo de medio: Computadora Tipo de portador: Recurso en líneaISBN: 9789463438735.Tema(s): Ordenación forestal | Actividades antropogénicas | Bosques | Efecto de los seres humanos sobre la naturalezaDescriptor(es) geográficos: Amazonia Clasificación: T/634.928 / L4 Nota de acceso: Acceso en línea sin restricciones Nota de disertación: Thesis Doctor in Ecology Wageningen University. Instituto National de Pesquisas da Amazônia 2018 Nota de bibliografía: Bibliografías: páginas 223-242 Número de sistema: 59103Contenidos:Mostrar Resumen:
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The idea that Amazonian forests have been largely untouched by humans has fascinated naturalists, policy makers, the media, and natural and social scientists worldwide. For many decades, ecological studies overlooked the influence of past peoples in modern forests. However, humans arrived in the Amazon basin at least 13,000 years Before Present (BP) and populations expanded strongly around 2,500 years BP. Evidence of past human activities has been found in extensive areas previously considered pristine. Anthropogenic soils (Amazonian Dark Earths - ADE) and human-made earthworks found across the basin are examples of the landscapes domesticated by pre-Columbian peoples and evidence of large societies with considerable capacity for modifying the environment. Cultivation and management of Amazonian flora by past societies may have significantly contributed to the ecological patterns we see today. These findings stimulated an academic debate about the pristineness versus domestication of Amazonian forests. Although most scientists agree that human impacts were spatially heterogeneous across the basin, the scale of past human influences in Amazonian forests remains controversial. A more realistic and broadscale view is required (Chapter 1). In my thesis, I integrated data from different disciplines in the social and natural sciences to generate the first broad-scale assessment of the effects of long-term human influences in modern Amazonian forests and how these legacies are maintained by local management practices. I studied the Amazon forest as a mosaic of patches domesticated to different degrees by human-nature interactions. To estimate the influence of past people on modern forests, I first compared the density of sedentary pre-Columbian occupation sites with ADE along some stretches of major white-water rivers and their black or clear-water tributaries that have been sampled by archaeologists. I counted the number of archaeological sites along 12-km sections for both river orders (major and tributary) and found the same density of sites along both orders, showing that archaeological sites are widespread across tributary rivers of the Central Amazon basin (Chapter 2). This result suggests that the influence of past societies in Amazonian landscapes is more extensive than previously imagined and deserves further investigation. To unravel the effects of long-term human actions at the basin-wide scale, we investigated the relationship between the richness and abundance of 85 domesticated plant species found in Amazonian forests and the distribution of known archaeological sites (Chapter 3). We focused on domesticated species because they are known to have been propagated and selected by peoples in Amazonia and elsewhere in the Americas for food or other uses for a long time. I correlated data from more than 1,000 floristic inventories of the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN) with a map of more than 3,000 archaeological sites across different Amazonian geological regions compiled by the AmazonArch Network. Our analysis also incorporated environmental data to distinguish the relative importance of environmental conditions from past human factors on modern plant communities. We found that domesticated species were five times more likely to be common in floristic inventories than nondomesticated species and sometimes more abundant far from the places where they were domesticated, suggesting past human dispersal. The richness and abundance of these domesticated species increase with the proximity to archaeological sites and in areas with poorly drained soils and higher rainfall seasonality. Our results show that plant communities in Amazonia are structured by both natural and cultural processes, and refute the idea that these forests are largely untouched by humans. To understand the relative contribution of past and recent human activities in shaping these current floristic patterns, we expanded our previous analyses to incorporate the influence of current activities (Chapter 4). We found that old-growth forests were transformed by both past and current peoples, but we showed that the effects of recent activities have a smaller role when compared to the persistent effects of pre-Columbian activities on forest composition. Overall, these new analyses strengthened the importance of ancient peoples in explaining the richness and abundance of domesticated species across Amazonia.

In Chapter 5, we investigated how Amazonian people enriched plant communities with useful and domesticated species. To answer this question, we collected extensive information from the literature and data in the field about how Amazonian peoples manage forest resources. With this information, we developed a conceptual model that showed eight key categories of forest management practices that alter natural ecological processes and transform pristine into domesticated forests. Our model allows inferences about how human societies developed ways to interfere with natural ecological processes through time, which created more productive and useful forests across the basin. This long-term process resulted in numerous and diverse patches of useful trees and palms around archaeological sites where humans have lived for centuries or millennia. Thus, a diverse assemblage of useful plant species persists in Amazonian forests due to long-term management practices (Chapters 3-5). In Chapter 6, we compared the effect of ancient and recent management practices on Amazonian forest soils and vegetation at different distances from pre-Columbian and contemporary villages settled in protected areas. We found that soil nutrients of old-growth forests increased with the proximity to ancient villages, but did not increase with the intensity of recent management activities. By enriching soil nutrients in and around their villages, past societies provided the conditions for forests enriched with species of great interest to modern Amazonian societies. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that ancient management practices have a stronger influence in soils of old-growth forests than recent management practices. This thesis reveals the persistence of a cultural heritage in modern Amazonian forests, which was created by ancient societies and maintained by present-day peoples. During the millennia that humans have lived in Amazonia, they interacted with nature, modifying landscapes around their villages into forest mosaics formed by patches rich in fertile anthropogenic soils and forest resources, such as foods, medicines and construction materials. To conclude, Amazonian forests hold legacies of past human activities that can only be fully understood by interdisciplinary studies and that require local management practices to be maintained through time.

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Thesis Doctor in Ecology Wageningen University. Instituto National de Pesquisas da Amazônia 2018

Bibliografías: páginas 223-242

1 General introduction.. 2 Widespread distribution of ancient peoples along tributary rivers of Central Amazonia.. 3 Persistent effects of pre-Columbian plant domestication on Amazonian forest composition.. 4 Disentangling pre-Columbian from recent human influence in old-growth Amazonian forests.. 5 How people domesticated Amazonian forests.. 6 Extensive pre-Columbian soil improvement maintains human legacies in old-growth Amazonian forests.. 7 General discussion.. References.. Summary.. Resumo.. Acknowledgments.. Short biography.. List of publications.. PE&RC Training and Education Statement

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The idea that Amazonian forests have been largely untouched by humans has fascinated naturalists, policy makers, the media, and natural and social scientists worldwide. For many decades, ecological studies overlooked the influence of past peoples in modern forests. However, humans arrived in the Amazon basin at least 13,000 years Before Present (BP) and populations expanded strongly around 2,500 years BP. Evidence of past human activities has been found in extensive areas previously considered pristine. Anthropogenic soils (Amazonian Dark Earths - ADE) and human-made earthworks found across the basin are examples of the landscapes domesticated by pre-Columbian peoples and evidence of large societies with considerable capacity for modifying the environment. Cultivation and management of Amazonian flora by past societies may have significantly contributed to the ecological patterns we see today. These findings stimulated an academic debate about the pristineness versus domestication of Amazonian forests. Although most scientists agree that human impacts were spatially heterogeneous across the basin, the scale of past human influences in Amazonian forests remains controversial. A more realistic and broadscale view is required (Chapter 1). In my thesis, I integrated data from different disciplines in the social and natural sciences to generate the first broad-scale assessment of the effects of long-term human influences in modern Amazonian forests and how these legacies are maintained by local management practices. I studied the Amazon forest as a mosaic of patches domesticated to different degrees by human-nature interactions. To estimate the influence of past people on modern forests, I first compared the density of sedentary pre-Columbian occupation sites with ADE along some stretches of major white-water rivers and their black or clear-water tributaries that have been sampled by archaeologists. I counted the number of archaeological sites along 12-km sections for both river orders (major and tributary) and found the same density of sites along both orders, showing that archaeological sites are widespread across tributary rivers of the Central Amazon basin (Chapter 2). This result suggests that the influence of past societies in Amazonian landscapes is more extensive than previously imagined and deserves further investigation. To unravel the effects of long-term human actions at the basin-wide scale, we investigated the relationship between the richness and abundance of 85 domesticated plant species found in Amazonian forests and the distribution of known archaeological sites (Chapter 3). We focused on domesticated species because they are known to have been propagated and selected by peoples in Amazonia and elsewhere in the Americas for food or other uses for a long time. I correlated data from more than 1,000 floristic inventories of the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN) with a map of more than 3,000 archaeological sites across different Amazonian geological regions compiled by the AmazonArch Network. Our analysis also incorporated environmental data to distinguish the relative importance of environmental conditions from past human factors on modern plant communities. We found that domesticated species were five times more likely to be common in floristic inventories than nondomesticated species and sometimes more abundant far from the places where they were domesticated, suggesting past human dispersal. The richness and abundance of these domesticated species increase with the proximity to archaeological sites and in areas with poorly drained soils and higher rainfall seasonality. Our results show that plant communities in Amazonia are structured by both natural and cultural processes, and refute the idea that these forests are largely untouched by humans. To understand the relative contribution of past and recent human activities in shaping these current floristic patterns, we expanded our previous analyses to incorporate the influence of current activities (Chapter 4). We found that old-growth forests were transformed by both past and current peoples, but we showed that the effects of recent activities have a smaller role when compared to the persistent effects of pre-Columbian activities on forest composition. Overall, these new analyses strengthened the importance of ancient peoples in explaining the richness and abundance of domesticated species across Amazonia. eng

In Chapter 5, we investigated how Amazonian people enriched plant communities with useful and domesticated species. To answer this question, we collected extensive information from the literature and data in the field about how Amazonian peoples manage forest resources. With this information, we developed a conceptual model that showed eight key categories of forest management practices that alter natural ecological processes and transform pristine into domesticated forests. Our model allows inferences about how human societies developed ways to interfere with natural ecological processes through time, which created more productive and useful forests across the basin. This long-term process resulted in numerous and diverse patches of useful trees and palms around archaeological sites where humans have lived for centuries or millennia. Thus, a diverse assemblage of useful plant species persists in Amazonian forests due to long-term management practices (Chapters 3-5). In Chapter 6, we compared the effect of ancient and recent management practices on Amazonian forest soils and vegetation at different distances from pre-Columbian and contemporary villages settled in protected areas. We found that soil nutrients of old-growth forests increased with the proximity to ancient villages, but did not increase with the intensity of recent management activities. By enriching soil nutrients in and around their villages, past societies provided the conditions for forests enriched with species of great interest to modern Amazonian societies. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that ancient management practices have a stronger influence in soils of old-growth forests than recent management practices. This thesis reveals the persistence of a cultural heritage in modern Amazonian forests, which was created by ancient societies and maintained by present-day peoples. During the millennia that humans have lived in Amazonia, they interacted with nature, modifying landscapes around their villages into forest mosaics formed by patches rich in fertile anthropogenic soils and forest resources, such as foods, medicines and construction materials. To conclude, Amazonian forests hold legacies of past human activities that can only be fully understood by interdisciplinary studies and that require local management practices to be maintained through time. eng

A ideia de que as florestas amazônicas foram praticamente intocadas por humanos tem fascinado naturalistas, tomadores de decisão, a mídia e cientistas naturais e sociais em todo o mundo. Por muitas décadas, os estudos ecológicos negligenciaram a influência dos povos do passado nas florestas modernas. No entanto, os seres humanos chegaram à bacia amazônica há pelo menos 13.000 anos Antes do Presente (AP) e as populações expandiram-se dramaticamente em torno de 2.500 anos AP. Evidências de atividades humanas passadas foram encontradas em extensas áreas anteriormente consideradas intocadas. Solos antropogênicos (Terras Pretas de Índio – TPI, também chamadas de Amazonian Dark Earth – ADE) e estruturas de terra feitas pelo homem (obras de terra) encontrados em toda a bacia são exemplos de paisagens domesticadas por povos pré-colombianos e sinais de grandes sociedades com considerável capacidade de modificar o meio ambiente. O cultivo e o manejo da flora amazônica por sociedades do passado podem ter contribuído significativamente para os padrões ecológicos que vemos hoje. Essas descobertas estimularam um debate acadêmico sobre a virgindade versus a domesticação das florestas amazônicas. Embora a maioria dos cientistas concorde que os impactos humanos eram espacialmente heterogêneos na bacia amazônica, a escala da influência humana passada nas florestas atuais permanece controversa. É necessária uma visão mais realista e em larga escala (Capítulo 1). Em minha tese, eu integrei dados e práticas de diferentes disciplinas das ciências sociais e naturais para gerar a primeira avaliação em larga escala dos efeitos das influências humanas de longo prazo nas florestas atuais da Amazônia e como esses legados são mantidos por práticas de manejo locais. Estudei a floresta amazônica como um mosaico de manchas domesticadas em diferentes graus pela interação homem-natureza. Para estimar a influência dos povos do passado nas florestas atuais, comparei a densidade de sítios pré-colombianos de ocupação humana sedentária (TPI) ao longo de alguns trechos dos grandes rios de águas brancas e seus afluentes de águas negras ou claras que foram amostrados por arqueólogos. Eu contei o número de sítios arqueológicos para ambas as ordens fluviais (principais e tributárias) e encontrei a mesma densidade de sítios de terra preta por secções de 12 km ao longo de ambas as ordens, mostrando que os sítios arqueológicos também estão espalhados pelas margens dos rios tributários da Amazônica Central (Capítulo 2). Esse resultado sugere que a influência das sociedades do passado nas paisagens amazônicas é mais extensa do que se imaginava e merece uma investigação mais aprofundada. Para desvendar os efeitos das ações humanas de longa duração na escala da bacia, investigamos a relação entre a riqueza e a abundância de 85 espécies de plantas domesticadas encontradas nas florestas amazônicas e a distribuição de sítios arqueológicos conhecidos (Capítulo 3). Nós focamos o estudo em espécies domesticadas porque elas são conhecidas por terem sido propagadas e selecionadas por povos na Amazônia e em outros lugares das Américas para alimentação ou outros usos por um longo período de tempo. Eu correlacionei dados de mais de 1.000 inventários florísticos da Rede de Diversidade de Árvores da Amazônia (ATDN) com um mapa de mais de 3.000 sítios arqueológicos mapeados em diferentes regiões geológicas e compilados pela Rede AmazonArch. Nossa análise também incorporou dados ambientais para distinguir a importância relativa das condições ambientais locais e dos fatores humanos passados nas comunidades vegetais do presente. Descobrimos que espécies domesticadas tinham cinco vezes mais probabilidade de serem comuns em inventários florísticos do que espécies não domesticadas e, às vezes, as domesticadas são mais abundantes longe dos locais onde elas foram domesticadas, sugerindo eventos de dispersão humana passada. por

A riqueza e a abundância dessas espécies domesticadas são maiores nas proximidades de sítios arqueológicos e em áreas com solos pouco drenados e com maior sazonalidade das chuvas. Nossos resultados mostram que as comunidades vegetais na Amazônia são estruturadas por processos naturais e culturais, e refutam a ideia de que essas florestas são praticamente intocadas pelos seres humanos. Para entender a contribuição relativa de atividades humanas passadas e recentes na formação desses padrões florísticos, nós expandimos nossas análises anteriores ao incorporar a influência das atividades atuais (Capítulo 4). Descobrimos que as florestas maduras foram transformadas pelos povos do passado e do presente, mas mostramos que os efeitos das atividades recentes têm um papel menor quando comparados aos efeitos persistentes das atividades pré-colombianas na composição da floresta. De modo geral, essas novas análises reforçaram a importância das atividades dos povos antigos para explicar a riqueza e a abundância de espécies domesticadas na Amazônia como um todo. No Capítulo 5, investigamos como os povos da Amazônia enriqueciam as comunidades de plantas com espécies úteis e domesticadas. Para responder a essa pergunta, coletamos extensivamente informações da literatura e dados de campo sobre como os povos amazônicos manejaram os recursos florestais. Com essas informações, desenvolvemos um modelo conceitual que demonstrou como oito categorias principais de práticas de manejo florestal alteram os processos ecológicos naturais e transformam florestas pristinas em florestas domesticadas. Nosso modelo permite inferências sobre como as sociedades humanas desenvolveram maneiras de interferir nos processos ecológicos naturais ao longo do tempo, o que criou florestas mais produtivas e úteis ao longo da bacia (Capítulo 5). Esse longo processo resultou em numerosas e diversas manchas de árvores e palmeiras úteis ao redor de sítios arqueológicos onde as pessoas viveram por séculos ou milênios. Assim, um conjunto diversificado de espécies de plantas úteis persiste nas florestas amazônicas devido às práticas de manejo por um longo período de tempo (Capítulos 3-5). No Capítulo 6, comparamos os efeitos das práticas de manejo antigas e recentes nos solos e na vegetação da floresta amazônica a diferentes distâncias de vilas précolombianas e contemporâneas presentes em áreas protegidas. Descobrimos que os nutrientes do solo das florestas maduras aumentaram com a proximidade de aldeias antigas, mas não aumentaram com a intensidade das atividades recentes de manejo. Ao enriquecer os nutrientes do solo ao redor de suas aldeias, as sociedades do passado forneceram as condições para as florestas enriquecerem com espécies de grande interesse das sociedades modernas da Amazônia. Em geral, nossos resultados apoiam a hipótese de que práticas antigas de manejo têm uma influência mais forte nos solos das florestas maduras do que as práticas de manejo recentes. Esta tese revela a persistência de um patrimônio cultural nas florestas amazônicas atuais, criado por sociedades antigas e mantido pelos povos atuais. Ao longo de milhares de anos de ocupação humana na Amazônia, as pessoas interagiram com a natureza, modificando paisagens em torno de suas aldeias em mosaicos florestais formados por manchas ricas em solos antropogênicos férteis e recursos florestais, como alimentos, remédios e materiais de construção. Para concluir, as florestas de hoje mantêm legados de atividades humanas passadas que só podem ser plenamente compreendidos por estudos interdisciplinares e que requerem práticas de manejo locais para serem mantidos ao longo do tempo. por

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