Natural resource economics: an introduction / Barry C. Field.

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Preface to the Second Edition.. Preface to the First Edition.. About the Author.. SECTION I: Introduction Important Issues in Natural Resource Economics.. Natural Resource Adequacy.. Long-Run Price Changes.. Natural Resource Substitution.. Socially Optimal Rates of Resource Use.. Natural Resource Policy: Moving Toward the Optimum.. Natural Resource Accounting.. Benefit-Cost Analysis in Natural Resource Economics.. Land-Use Issues.. International Natural Resource Issues.. Summary.. Natural Resources and the Economy.. Nature and Economy.. The Range of Natural Resource Services.. Modeling Resource Services.. Nonrenewable Resources.. Recyclable Resources.. Renewable Resources.. Some Words about Economics.. Policy and Politics.. Summary.. SECTION II: Building Blocks.. Willingness to Pay/Demand.. Willingness to Pay.. Willingness to Pay Illustrated.. Marginal Willingness to Pay and Demand.. Aggregate Willingness to Pay/Demand for Private Goods.. Aggregate Willingness to Pay/Demand for Public Goods.. Willingness to Pay and Benefits.. Willingness to Pay Over Time.. Discounting.. Summary.. Costs/Supply.. Opportunity Cost.. Cost Curves.. The Shapes of Cost Curves.. Social Costs.. Present Value of Cost.. Costs and Technological Change.. Costs and Supply.. Summary.. Efficiency and Sustainability.. Static Efficiency.. Dynamic (Intertemporal Efficiency.. Natural Resource Rents.. Is it Appropriate to Discount?.. Efficiency and Intergenerational Equity: The Issue of Sustainability.. Sustainability, Broadly Considered.. Summary.. SECTION III: General Natural Resource Issues.. Markets and Efficiency.. Market Demand and Supply.. Market Quantities and Prices.. Markets and Static Social Efficiency.. External Costs.. External Benefits.. Open-Access Resource.. Open Access and the Dissipation of Resource Rent.. Markets and Intertemporal Efficiency.. Markets and Discounting.. Tenure Conditions.. Summary

Public Policy for Natural Resources.. The Objectives of Public Policy.. Economic Efficiency.. Equity.. Flexibility.. Enforceability.. Types of Public Policies.. Private Property Rights.. Government-Sponsored Incentive Policies.. Taxes.. Subsidies.. Direct Controls.. Direct Public Production.. Market Failure/Government Failure.. Policy Centralization/Decentralization.. Summary.. SECTION IV: Natural Resource Analysis.. Principles of Analysis.. Impact Analysis.. Environmental Impact Analysis.. Economic Impact Analysis.. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.. Benefit-Cost Analysis.. The Basic Framework.. Scope of the Project.. The With/Without Principle.. Discounting.. The Effects of Discounting.. Discounting and Future Generations.. Choice of the Discount Rate.. Distributional Issues.. Dealing with Uncertainty.. Summary.. The Valuation of Natural Resources.. Measuring Benefits.. Types of Benefits.. Active (Use Benefits.. Direct Market Price Analysis.. Indirect Market Price Analysis.. Nonmarket Techniques.. Nonuse (Passive Benefits.. Measuring Costs.. General Issues.. Costs of Physical Facilities.. Costs of Public Regulation.. Summary.. SECTION V: Applied Natural Resource Problems.. Mineral Economics.. Geological Factors and Costs of Extraction.. Extraction Economics for a Known Stock.. Capital Values.. User Costs.. Mineral Prices in Fact.. Resource Exploration and Development.. Nonrenewable Resources and Sustainability.. Switch to a Substitute.. Invest Rents.. U.S. Mineral Import Dependence.. Other Policy Issues.. The Economics of Recycling.. Summary.. Energy.. Energy Use in the United States: Consumption and Prices.. The Political Economy of Energy Markets.. Energy Subsidies.. The Question of Energy Adequacy.. Clean Energy.. The Economics of Energy Self-Sufficiency.. Energy Efficiency.. Economics of CAFE Standards.. Economic Issues in Electricity Deregulation

Alternative Structures in the Electricity Market.. Summary.. Principles of Analysis.. Impact Analysis.. Economic Issues.. Summary.. Forest Economics.. Forest Harvest Decisions.. Portfolio Choice.. Factors Affecting Efficient Rotation.. Impacts of Nontimber Forest Values.. Optimal Clear-Cutting.. Institutional Arrangements for Forestry.. Timber Harvesting from National Forests.. Summary.. Marine Resources.. Current Problems in Marine Fisheries.. U.S. Fisheries Management Institutions.. Modeling a Fishery.. The Biological Growth Function.. The Effort-Yield Function.. Maximum Sustained Yield.. Efficient Rates of Effort.. The Problem of Open Access.. Approaches to Fisheries Management.. Restricting Access---First Steps.. Regulating Fishing Practices.. Catch Limits.. Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs.. Uncertainty and Fisheries Management.. Summary.. Land Economics.. Social Efficiency in Land Use.. Land Markets and Prices.. Public Policies and Land Use.. Working through the Market.. Eminent Domain.. Police Power.. Land Taxation.. Land-Use Economics and the ``Takings'' Issue.. The Economics of Urban Sprawl.. Land Management Issues on the Urban/Rural Fringe.. Land Use in Uncertain Environments.. Managing Public Lands.. Summary.. Water Resources.. Water Use in the United States.. Water Law in the United States.. Surface Water.. Groundwater.. Water Pricing.. Average Cost Pricing.. Pricing with Diminishing Marginal Costs.. Investing in Water Supply Systems.. Water Rights Transfers and Markets.. Water Transfers.. Water Markets.. Conditions for Social Efficiency in Water Markets.. Instream Flow Protection.. Optimal Instream Flows.. Summary.. Economics of Agriculture.. Historical Changes in Supply and Demand.. Income Support Policies in Agriculture.. Acreage Restrictions and Intensification.. Wetlands Conservation.. Economics of Pesticide Resistance.. The Economics of Monoculture

The Economics of Soil Productivity.. An Efficient Steady State.. Summary.. Economics of Outdoor Recreation.. The Demand for Outdoor Recreation.. Efficient Visitation Rates.. Rationing Use.. Rationing by Price.. Pricing and Total Revenue.. Differential Pricing.. Pricing to Cover Fixed Operating Costs.. Ecotourism.. Demand Estimation and Management.. Biological Impacts.. Institutional Issues.. Summary.. Economics of Wildlife Management.. Wildlife Ecology and Human Institutions.. Population Growth Curves.. Human Institutions and Values.. Public Landownership and Management.. The Economics of Sport Hunting.. Private Ownership.. Wildlife in Suburban Areas.. Distributional Issues in Restoration and Predator Control.. Public Policy and Wildlife Markets.. Summary.. Economics of Biodiversity Preservation.. The Endangered Species Act.. The Noah Problem.. Impacts on Survival.. The Benefits of Survival: Individual Species.. The Diversity Benefits of Survival.. Cost-Effective Biodiversity Preservation.. Hot Spots.. Costs of Diversity Protection.. Economic Incentives and Habitat Preservation.. Summary.. SECTION VI: Natural Resources in Developing Countries.. Natural Resources and Economic Growth.. The Institutional/Demographic Context.. Resources and Growth: Two Perspectives.. How Economies Grow.. Natural Resource Accounting.. The Control and Management of Resource Rents.. The Volatility of Resource Rents in Developing Countries.. Land Rents and Land Reform.. Summary.. Natural Resource Decisions in Developing Countries.. Incentives and Political Power.. Property Rights.. Open Access and Rent Dissipation.. The Absence of Markets.. Property Rights, Distribution and Investment.. Deforestation.. Subsistence Agriculture.. Commercial Forestry.. Soil Erosion and Soil Productivity.. Project Evaluation.. Valuing Outputs and Inputs.. Accounting for All Impacts.. Decision Criteria.. Summary.. Name Index.. Subject Inde