Ecoagriculture: strategies to feed the world and save wild biodiversity / Jeffrey McNeely and Sara J. Scherr

Incluye bibliografía: páginas 281-318 índuce: páginas 319-323

List of Cases, Maps, Figures, Tables, and Boxes.. Preface.. Acknowledgments.. List of Acronyms.. Part I. The Challenge: Agricultural Intensification, Rural Poverty, and Biodiversity.. Chapter... Introduction.. Ecoagriculture.. Chapter... Wild Biodiversity under Threat.. Definitions of Biodiversity.. Value of Wild Biodiversity.. Value for Rural Peoples.. Value for Agriculture.. Distribution of Wild Species Biodiversity.. Protected Areas.. Status of and Trends in Wild Species Populations.. Historical Species Extinction.. Current and Projected Species Extinctions.. Population Extinction.. Implications.. Chapter 3. Agriculture and Human Welfare.. Agriculture: A Dominant Global Land Use.. The Challenge of Ensuring Future Food Supply.. Recent Trends in Global Food Demand and Supply.. The Impact of Population Growth an Future Food Demand.. Changing Patterns of Food Demand.. Food Production Constraints.. Rural Poverty Reduction and Economic Development.. Rural Populations Are Still Growing.. Agriculture and Economic Development.. Implications.. Chapter 4. Agriculture and Wild Biodiversity.. Historical Relation of Agriculture and Wild Biodiversity.. Why Farmers Feel Threatened by Wild Biodiversity.. Land Conversion.. Conversion of Natural Habitat to Agricultural Use.. Critical Areas of Biodiversity Loss Due to Conversion.. Recovery of Agricultural Land Back to Natural Vegetation.. Modification of Landscapes.. Frag-mentation.. Tree Cover in Agricultural Lands.. Modifications in Hydrological Systems.. Irrigation.. Drainage ofWetlands.. Changing Vegetation in Watersheds.. Habitat Pollution and Degradation.. Pesticide Pollution.. Fertilizer and Organic Nutrient Pollution.. Soil Erosion and Degradation.. Rangeland Degradation.. Forest Degradation.. Reduced Pollination and Seed Dispersal.. Threats to Wildlife from Loss of Farmland Habitats.. Overexploitation and Eradication of Wild Species.. Impacts of Agricultural Species an Associated Wild Species

Invasive Allen Species.. Wildlife Diseases from Domestic Livestock.. Emerging Concerns about Genetically Modified Organisms.. Climate Change Induced by Agricultural Land Use.. Implications.. Part II. The Opportunity: Integrating Biodiversity Conservation in Agricultural Development.. Chapter 5. Ecoagriculture: Genesis of the Approach.. What Do Wild Species Need?.. The Ecosystem Approach.. Evolution of Approaches to Wild Biodiversity in Agricultural Systems.. Recent Scientific and Institutional Advances.. Ecoagriculture.. Strategies for Ecoagriculture.. Case Studies of Ecoagriculture.. Chapter 6. Making Space for Wildlife in Agricultural Landscapes.. Strategy 1: Create Biodiversity Reserves That Benefit Local Farming Communities.. Identifying Locally Beneficial Areas for Protection.. Protecting Agricultural Habitats.. Enhancing Benefits from Protected Areas for Local Farmers.. Six Case Studies.. Potential Application.. Strategy 2: Develop Habitat Networks in Nonfarmed Areas.. The Biodiversity Value of "In Between" Spaces '.. Finding Landscape Niches for Biodiversity.. Whole Farm and Landscape Planning.. Four Case Studies.. Potential Application.. Strategy 3: Reduce Land Conversion by Increasing Farm Productivity.. Role of Technological Change in Stabilizing Agricultural Area.. Potentials to Increase Agricultural Productivity.. Six Case Studies.. Potential Application.. Chapter 7. Enhancing the Habitat Value of Productive Farmlands.. Strategy 4: Minimize Agricultural Pollution.. Reduced Use of Pollutants.. Improved Management of Pollutants.. Seven Case Studies.. Potential Applicat.. Strategy 5: Modify Management of Soil, Water, and Vegetation Resources.. Water Management.. Soil Management.. Tillage Practices.. Management of Natural Vegetation.. Cover Crops, Green Manures, and Improved Fallows.. Fire Management.. Crop and Livestock Diversity.. Co-managing Livestock and Wildlife.. Seven Case Studies.. Potential Application

Strategy 6: Mode Farming Systems to Mimic Natural Ecosystems.. Forest Ecosystems.. Savanna Ecosystems.. Benefits of Farm Perennials for Wild Biodiversity.. Increasing the Economic Value of Perennial Crops an Farms.. Six Case Studies.. Potential Application.. Chapter 8. Coexisting with Wild Biodiversity in Ecoagriculture Systems.. Most Wild Species Have Beneficial or Neutral Effects.. Approaches to Wildlife Management.. Community Involvement Decision-Making.. Modified Management of Livestock.. Modified Management of Agricultural Lands.. Excluding, Deterring, and Scaring.. Restoring Ecological Balance.. Paying Compensation.. Conclusion.. Part III. Policy Responses.. Chapter 9. Policies to Promote Ecoagriculture.. Reframing Policy Goals.. Price and Wade Policies.. Agricultural Prices and Subsidies.. Trade Policies.. Legal Frameworks and Regulations.. International Conventions.. Redefining Protected Areas.. National Legal Frameworks for Biodiversity Conservation.. Decentralization of Biodiversity Policy.. Regulation of Agricultural Use and Management Practices.. Property Rights for Biodiversity Protection.. Recognizing Farmers' Rights in Protected-Area Designation and Management.. Indigenous Land Rights for Biodiversity Conservation.. Water Rights for Biodiversity Protection.. Property Rights for Genetic Resources.. Conclusion.. Chapter 10. Market Incentives for Ecoagriculture.. Promote Profitable Ecoagriculture Systems.. Markets for Products from Ecoagriculture.. "Green" Markets: Certification for Biodiversity.. Market Development for Products from Wild Species.. Agroecotourism.. Payments for Biodiversity Services.. Offering Tax Advantages for Maintaining Biodiversity.. Paying Farmers to Maintain Protected Areas.. Paying Farmers for Ecoagriculture Production.. Paying Farmers for Protecting Wildlife.. Paying for Bioprospecting Rights.. Paying Farmers for Other Environmental Services Compatible with Biodiversity.. Conclusion

Chapter 11. Institutions to Support Ecoagriculture.. Ecosystem Planning and Management at a Bioregional Scale.. A Central Role for Local Farmers in Ecoagriculture Development.. Local Farmer Organizations for Landscape Management.. Support Institutions for Ecoagriculture.. Agricultural, Ecological, and Wildlife Research.. Monitoring Wildlife in Agricultural Areas.. Extension and Farmer Support.. Education.. Financing Investment in Ecoagriculture.. Government Investment.. Rural Financial Institutions.. International Development Banks and Agencies.. Conservation Trust Funds.. Civil Society.. Private Sector.. Payments for Environmental Services.. Conclusion.. Chapter 12. Bringing Ecoagriculture into the Mainstream.. Ecoagriculture's Role in Conservation Strategies.. Potential Scale of Adoption and Impact.. Opportunities for Promoting Biodiversity in Agricultural Regions.. Where Biodiversity Is the Top Priority.. Where Agricultural Productivity Is the Top Priority.. Where Poverty Reduction Is the Top Priority.. Challenges for Achieving Ecoagriculture.. Working Together-Environmentalists, Agriculturalists, and Advocates for the Poor.. Innovation-Pushing the Research Frontier.. Investment-Mobilizing Venture Capital for Ecoagriculture.. Conclusion.. Glossary.. References.. About the Authors.. Index

Although food-production systems for the world's rural poor typically have had devastating effects on the planet's wealth of genes, species, and ecosystems, that need not be the case in the future. In Ecoagriculture, two of the world's leading experts on conservation and development examine the idea that agricultural landscapes can be designed more creatively to take the needs of human populations into account while also protecting, or even enhancing, biodiversity. They present a thorough overview of the innovative concept of "ecoagriculture" - the management of landscapes for both the production of food and the conservation of wild biodiversity. The book: • Examines the global impact of agriculture on wild biodiversity. • Describes the challenge of reconciling biodiversity conservation and agricultural goals. • Outlines and discusses the ecoagriculture approach. • Presents diverse case studies that illustrate key strategies. • Explores how policies, markets, and institutions can be re-shaped to support ecoagriculture. While focusing on tropical regions of the developing world -- where increased agricultural productivity is most vital for food security, poverty reduction, and sustainable development, and where so much of the world's wild biodiversity is threatened -- it also draws on lessons learned in developed countries. Dozens of examples from around the world present proven strategies for small-scale, low-income farmers involved in commercial production. Ecoagriculture explores new approaches to agricultural production that complements natural environments, enhance ecosystem function, and improve rural livelihoods. It features a wealth of real-world case studies that demonstrate the applicability of the ideas discussed and how the principles can be applied, and is an important new work for policymakers, students, researchers, and anyone concerned with conserving biodiversity while sustaining human populations. eng