Biochemistry and molecular biology of plants / edited by Bob B. Buchanan, Wilhelm Gruissem and Russell L. Jones

Incluye bibliografía: páginas 1207-1221 e índice: páginas 1222-1264

The Editors.. List of Contributors.. Preface.. About the Companion Website.. Compartments.. 1 Membrane Structure and Membranous Organelles.. Introduction.. 1.1 Common properties and inheritance of cell membranes.. 1.2 The fluid-mosaic membrane model.. 1.3 Plasma membrane.. 1.4 Endoplasmic reticulum.. 1.5 Golgi apparatus.. 1.6 Exocytosis and endocytosis.. 1.7 Vacuoles.. 1.8 The nucleus.. 1.9 Peroxisomes.. 1.10 Plastids.. 1.11 Mitochondria.. Summary.. 2 The Cell Wall.. Introduction.. 2.1 Sugars are building blocks of the cell wall.. 2.2 Macromolecules of the cell wall.. 2.3 Cell wall architecture.. 2.4 Cell wall biosynthesis and assembly.. 2.5 Growth and cell walls.. 2.6 Cell differentiation.. 2.7 Cell walls as sources of food, feed, fiber, and fuel, and their genetic improvement.. Summary.. 3 Membrane Transport.. Introduction.. 3.1 Overview of plant membrane transport systems.. 3.2 Pumps.. 3.3 Ion channels.. 3.4 Cotransporters.. 3.5 Water transport through aquaporins.. Summary.. 4 Protein Sorting and Vesicle Traffic.. Introduction.. 4.1 The cellular machinery of protein sorting.. 4.2 Targeting proteins to the plastids.. 4.3 Targeting proteins to mitochondria.. 4.4 Targeting proteins to peroxisomes.. 4.5 Transport in and out of the nucleus.. 4.6 ER is the secretory pathway port of entry and a protein nursery.. 4.7 Protein traffic and sorting in the secretory pathway: the ER.. 4.8 Protein traffic and sorting in the secretory pathway: the Golgi apparatus and beyond.. 4.9 Endocytosis and endosomal compartments.. Summary.. 5 The Cytoskeleton.. Introduction.. 5.1 Introduction to the cytoskeleton.. 5.2 Actin and tubulin gene families.. 5.3 Characteristics of actin filaments and microtubules.. 5.4 Cytoskeletal accessory proteins.. 5.5 Observing the cytoskeleton: Statics and dynamics.. 5.6 Role of actin filaments in directed intracellular movement.. 5.7 Cortical microtubules and expansion.. 5.8 The cytoskeleton and signal transduction

5.9 Mitosis and cytokinesis.. Summary.. Cell Reproduction.. 6 Nucleic Acids.. Introduction.. 6.1 Composition of nucleic acids and synthesis of nucleotides.. 6.2 Replication of nuclear DNA.. 6.3 DNA repair.. 6.4 DNA recombination.. 6.5 Organellar DNA.. 6.6 DNA transcription.. 6.7 Characteristics and functions of RNA.. 6.8 RNA processing.. Summary.. 7 Amino Acids.. Introduction.. 7.1 Amino acid biosynthesis in plants: research and prospects.. 7.2 Assimilation of inorganic nitrogen into N-transport amino acids.. 7.3 Aromatic amino acids.. 7.4 Aspartate-derived amino acids.. 7.5 Branched-chain amino acids.. 7.6 Glutamate-derived amino acids.. 7.7 Histidine.. Summary.. 8 Lipids.. Introduction.. 8.1 Structure and function of lipids.. 8.2 Fatty acid biosynthesis.. 8.3 Acetyl-CoA carboxylase.. 8.4 Fatty acid synthase.. 8.5 Desaturation and elongation of C16 and C18 fatty acids.. 8.6 Synthesis of unusual fatty acids.. 8.7 Synthesis of membrane lipids.. 8.8 Function of membrane lipids.. 8.9 Synthesis and function of extracellular lipids.. 8.10 Synthesis and catabolism of storage lipids.. 8.11 Genetic engineering of lipids.. Summary.. 9 Genome Structure and Organization.. Introduction.. 9.1 Genome structure: a 21st century perspective.. 9.2 Genome organization.. 9.3 Transposable elements.. 9.4 Gene expression.. 9.5 Chromatin and the epigenetic regulation of gene expression.. Summary.. 10 Protein Synthesis, Folding, and Degradation.. Introduction.. 10.1 Organellar compartmentalization of protein synthesis.. 10.2 From RNA to protein.. 10.3 Mechanisms of plant viral translation.. 10.4 Protein synthesis in plastids.. 10.5 Post-translational modification of proteins.. 10.6 Protein degradation.. Summary.. 11 Cell Division.. Introduction.. 11.1 Animal and plant cell cycles.. 11.2 Historical perspective on cell cycle research.. 11.3 Mechanisms of cell cycle control.. 11.4 The cell cycle in action.. 11.5 Cell cycle control during development

Summary.. Energy Flow.. 12 Photosynthesis.. Introduction.. 12.1 Overview of photosynthesis.. 12.2 Light absorption and energy conversion.. 12.3 Photosystem structure and function.. 12.4 Electron transport pathways in chloroplast membranes.. 12.5 ATP synthesis in chloroplasts.. 12.6 Organization and regulation of photosynthetic complexes.. 12.7 Carbon reactions: the Calvin-Benson cycle.. 12.8 Rubisco.. 12.9 Regulation of the Calvin-Benson cycle by light.. 12.10 Variations in mechanisms of CO 2 fixation.. Summary.. 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism.. Introduction.. 13.1 The concept of metabolite pools.. 13.2 The hexose phosphate pool: a major crossroads in plant metabolism.. 13.3 Sucrose biosynthesis.. 13.4 Sucrose metabolism.. 13.5 Starch biosynthesis.. 13.6 Partitioning of photoassimilates between sucrose and starch.. 13.7 Starch degradation.. 13.8 The pentose phosphate/triose phosphate pool.. 13.9 Energy and reducing power for biosynthesis.. 13.10 Sugar-regulated gene expression.. Summary.. 14 Respiration and Photorespiration.. Introduction.. 14.1 Overview of respiration.. 14.2 Citric acid cycle.. 14.3 Plant mitochondrial electron transport.. 14.4 Plant mitochondrial ATP synthesis.. 14.5 Regulation of the citric acid cycle and the cytochrome pathway.. 14.6 Integration of the cytochrome pathway and nonphosphorylating pathways.. 14.7 Interactions between mitochondria and other cellular compartments.. 14.8 Biochemical basis of photorespiration.. 14.9 The photorespiratory pathway.. 14.10 Role of photorespiration in plants.. Summary.. Metabolic and Developmental Integration.. 15 LongDistance Transport.. Introduction.. 15.1 Selection pressures and long-distance transport systems.. 15.2 Cell biology of transport modules.. 15.3 Short-distance transport events between xylem and nonvascular cells.. 15.4 Short-distance transport events between phloem and nonvascular cells.. 15.5 Whole-plant organization of xylem transport

15.6 Whole-plant organization of phloem transport.. 15.7 Communication and regulation controlling phloem transport events.. Summary.. 16 Nitrogen and Sulfur.. Introduction.. 16.1 Overview of nitrogen in the biosphere and in plants.. 16.2 Overview of biological nitrogen fixation.. 16.3 Enzymology of nitrogen fixation.. 16.4 Symbiotic nitrogen fixation.. 16.5 Ammonia uptake and transport.. 16.6 Nitrate uptake and transport.. 16.7 Nitrate reduction.. 16.8 Nitrite reduction.. 16.9 Nitrate signaling.. 16.10 Interaction between nitrate assimilation and carbon metabolism.. 16.11 Overview of sulfur in the biosphere and plants.. 16.12 Sulfur chemistry and function.. 16.13 Sulfate uptake and transport.. 16.14 The reductive sulfate assimilation pathway.. 16.15 Cysteine synthesis.. 16.16 Synthesis and function of glutathione and its derivatives.. 16.17 Sulfated compounds.. 16.18 Regulation of sulfate assimilation and interaction with nitrogen and carbon metabolism.. Summary.. 17 Biosynthesis of Hormones.. Introduction.. 17.1 Gibberellins.. 17.2 Abscisic acid.. 17.3 Cytokinins.. 17.4 Auxins.. 17.5 Ethylene.. 17.6 Brassinosteroids.. 17.7 Polyamines.. 17.8 Jasmonic acid.. 17.9 Salicylic acid.. 17.10 Strigolactones.. Summary.. 18 Signal Transduction.. Introduction.. 18.1 Characteristics of signal perception, transduction, and integration in plants.. 18.2 Overview of signal perception at the plasma membrane.. 18.3 Intracellular signal transduction, amplification, and integration via second messengers and MAPK cascades.. 18.4 Ethylene signal transduction.. 18.5 Cytokinin signal transduction.. 18.6 Integration of auxin signaling and transport.. 18.7 Signal transduction from phytochromes.. 18.8 Gibberellin signal transduction and its integration with phytochrome signaling during seedling development.. 18.9 Integration of light, ABA, and CO2 signals in the regulation of stomatal aperture.. 18.10 Prospects.. Summary

19 Molecular Regulation of Reproductive Development.. Introduction.. 19.1 The transition from vegetative to reproductive development.. 19.2 The molecular basis of flower development.. 19.3 The formation of male gametes.. 19.4 The formation of female gametes.. 19.5 Pollination and fertilization.. 19.6 The molecular basis of selfincompatibility.. 19.7 Seed development.. Summary.. 20 Senescence and Cell Death.. Introduction.. 20.1 Types of cell death.. 20.2 PCD during seed development and germination.. 20.3 Cell death during the development of secretory bodies, defensive structures and organ shapes.. 20.4 PCD during reproductive development.. 20.5 Senescence and PCD in the terminal development of leaves and other lateral organs.. 20.6 Pigment metabolism in senescence.. 20.7 Macromolecule breakdown and salvage of nutrients in senescence.. 20.8 Energy and oxidative metabolism during senescence.. 20.9 Environmental influences on senescence and cell death I: Abiotic interactions.. 20.10 Environmental influences on senescence and cell death II: PCD responses to pathogen attack.. 20.11 Plant hormones in senescence and defense-related PCD.. Summary.. Plant Environment and Agriculture.. 21 Responses to Plant Pathogens.. Introduction.. 21.1 Pathogens, pests, and disease.. 21.2 An overview of immunity and defense.. 21.3 How pathogens and pests cause disease.. 21.4 Preformed defenses.. 21.5 Induced defense.. 21.6 Effector-triggered immunity, a second level of induced defense.. 21.7 Other sources of genetic variation for resistance.. 21.8 Local and systemic defense signaling.. 21.9 Plant gene silencing confers virus resistance, tolerance, and attenuation.. 21.10 Control of plant pathogens by genetic engineering.. Summary.. 22 Responses to Abiotic Stress.. Introduction.. 22.1 Plant responses to abiotic stress.. 22.2 Physiological and cellular responses to water deficit

22.3 Gene expression and signal transduction in response to dehydration.. 22.4 Freezing and chilling stress.. 22.5 Flooding and oxygen deficit.. 22.6 Oxidative stress.. 22.7 Heat stress.. 22.8 Crosstalk in stress responses.. Summary.. 23 Mineral Nutrient Acquisition, Transport, and Utilization.. Introduction.. 23.1 Overview of essential mineral elements.. 23.2 Mechanisms and regulation of plant K+ transport.. 23.3 Phosphorus nutrition and transport.. 23.4 The molecular physiology of micronutrient acquisition.. 23.5 Plant responses to mineral toxicity.. Summary.. 24 Natural Products.. Introduction.. 24.1 Terpenoids.. 24.2 Biosynthesis of the basic five-carbon unit.. 24.3 Repetitive additions of C5 units.. 24.4 Formation of parent carbon skeletons.. 24.5 Modification of terpenoid skeletons.. 24.6 Metabolic engineering of terpenoid production.. 24.7 Cyanogenic glycosides.. 24.8 Cyanogenic glycoside biosynthesis.. 24.9 Functions of cyanogenic glycosides.. 24.10 Glucosinolates.. 24.11 Alkaloids.. 24.12 Alkaloid biosynthesis.. 24.13 Biotechnological application of alkaloid biosynthesis research.. 24.14 Phenolic compounds.. 24.15 Phenolic biosynthesis.. 24.16 The phenylpropanoid-acetate pathway.. 24.17 The phenylpropanoid pathway.. 24.18 Universal features of phenolic biosynthesis.. 24.19 Evolution of secondary pathways.. Summary.. Further reading.. Index

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, 2nd Edition has been hailed as a major contribution to the plant sciences literature and critical acclaim has been matched by global sales success. Maintaining the scope and focus of the first edition, the second will provide a major update, include much new material and reorganise some chapters to further improve the presentation. This book is meticulously organised and richly illustrated, having over 1,000 full-colour illustrations and 500 photographs. It is divided into five parts covering: Compartments, Cell Reproduction, Energy Flow, Metabolic and Developmental Integration, and Plant Environment and Agriculture. Specific changes to this edition include: Completely revised with over half of the chapters having a major rewrite. Includes two new chapters on signal transduction and responses to pathogens. Restructuring of section on cell reproduction for improved presentation. Dedicated website to include all illustrative material. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants holds a unique place in the plant sciences literature as it provides the only comprehensive, authoritative, integrated single volume book in this essential field of study. eng