Filoviruses: a compendium of 40 years of epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory studies / Jens H. Kuhn

Incluye bibliografía e índice: páginas 361-411

List of Abbreviations.. 4 Introduction.. 4.1 Viral hemorrhagic fevers.. 4.2 Filovirus taxonomy, evolution, and phylogeny.. 4.3 Biosafety concerns in filovirus research.. 4.4 Biosecurity concerns in filovirus research.. 5 History of Filoviral Disease Outbreaks.. 5.1 Lake Victoria marburgvirus.. 5.1.1 Germany and Yugoslavia, 1967, and Uganda, 1967 (speculative.. 5.1.2 South Africa, 1973 (speculative.. 5.1.3 Rhodesia, 1975.. 5.1.4 Kenya, 1980.. 5.1.5 Zimbabwe=South Africa, 1982 (speculative.. 5.1.6 Togo, 1985 (speculative.. 5.1.7 Kenya, 1987.. 5.1.8 Laboratory accident(s, U.S.S.R., 1988.. 5.1.9 Kenya=Sweden, 1990 (speculative.. 5.1.10 Laboratory accident, U.S.S.R., 1990.. 5.1.11 Kenya=Germany, 1993 (speculative.. 5.1.12 Zaire, 1987-1996=Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1997-2000.. 5.1.13 Angola, 2004-2005.. 5.1.14 Uganda, 2007.. 5.2 Zaire ebolavirus.. 5.2.1 Zaire, 1976.. 5.2.2 Zaire, 1977.. 5.2.3 Kenya, 1980 (speculative.. 5.2.4 Zaire, 1980-1985 (speculative.. 5.2.5 Five independent outbreaks, Gabon, 1994-1995.. 5.2.6 Zaire, 1995.. 5.2.7 Laboratory accident, Russia, 1996.. 5.2.8 Gabon, 1996.. 5.2.9 Gabon=South Africa, 1996-1997.. 5.2.10 Eight independent outbreaks in Gabon and Congo (Brazzaville, 2001-2002.. 5.2.11 Congo (Brazzaville and Gabon, 2002.. 5.2.12 Three independent outbreaks, Congo (Brazzaville, 2002-2003.. 5.2.13 Congo (Brazzaville, 2003-2004.. 5.2.14 Laboratory accident, U.S.A., 2004 (speculative.. 5.2.15 Laboratory accident, Russia, 2004.. 5.2.16 Congo (Brazzaville, 2005.. 5.3 Sudan ebolavirus.. 5.3.1 Sudan, 1976.. 5.3.2 Laboratory accident, U.K., 1976.. 5.3.3 Sudan, 1979.. 5.3.4 Uganda, 2000-2001.. 5.3.5 Sudan, 2004.. 5.4 Reston ebolavirus.. 5.4.1 The Philippines=U.S.A., 1989-1990.. 5.4.2 The Philippines=Italy, 1992.. 5.4.3 The Philippines=U.S.A., 1996.. 5.5 Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus.. 5.5.1 Côte d'Ivoire, 1992 (speculative and Côte d'Ivoire=Switzerland 1994

5.5.2 Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire, 1995 (speculative.. 5.6 Speculations regarding the occurrence of additional filovirus infections.. 5.7 Conclusions.. 6 Clinical Presentation of Filoviral Disease... 6.1 Lake Victoria marburgvirus infections.. 6.1.1 In humans.. 6.1.2 In nonhuman primates.. 6.1.3 In guinea pigs.. 6.1.4 In other animals.. 6.2 Zaire ebolavirus infections.. 6.2.1 In humans.. 6.2.2 In nonhuman primates.. 6.2.3 In guinea pigs.. 6.2.4 In mice.. 6.2.5 In other animals.. 6.3 Sudan ebolavirus infections.. 6.3.1 In humans.. 6.3.2 In nonhuman primates.. 6.3.3 In guinea pigs.. 6.3.4 In mice.. 6.4 Reston ebolavirus infections.. 6.5 C ote d'Ivoire ebolavirus infections.. 6.6 Conclusions.. 7 Filoviral Disease Pathology.. 7.1 Marburgvirus disease pathology.. 7.1.1 In humans.. 7.1.2 In nonhuman primates.. 7.1.3 In guinea pigs, hamsters, and mice.. 7.2 Zaire ebolavirus disease pathology.. 7.2.1 In humans.. 7.2.2 In nonhuman primates.. 4 Contents 7.2.3 In guinea pigs.. 7.2.4 In mice.. 7.3 Sudan ebolavirus disease pathology.. 7.4 Reston ebolavirus disease pathology.. 7.5 Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus disease pathology.. 7.6 Conclusions.. 8 Geographic Distribution of Filoviruses: Serological Surveys.. 8.1 Belarus and Ukraine.. 8.2 Benin.. 8.3 Botswana .. 8.4 Burkina Faso.. 8.5 Cameroon.. 8.6 Central African Republic.. 8.7 Congo (Brazzaville.. 8.8 Côte d'Ivoire.. 8.9 Djibouti.. 8.10 Ethiopia.. 8.11 Gabon.. 8.12 Guinea.. 8.13 Kenya.. 8.14 Liberia.. 8.15 Madagascar.. 8.16 Nigeria.. 8.17 Panama.. 8.18 Philippines.. 8.19 Rhodesia=Zimbabwe.. 8.20 Senegal.. 8.21 Sierra Leone.. 8.22 Sudan.. 8.23 Togo.. 8.24 Uganda.. 8.25 Zaire=Democratic Republic of Congo.. 8.26 Other surveys.. 8.27 Conclusions.. 9 Ecology of Filoviruses: Search for Reservoirs.. 9.1 Filoviruses and their association with nonhuman primates.. 9.2 Bats as filovirus reservoirs.. 9.3 Other possible filovirus reservoirs.. 9.4 Conclusions.. 10 Cultivation of Filoviruses

10.1 Lake Victoria marburgvirus in cell cultures.. 10.2 Ebolaviruses in cell cultures.. 11 Molecular Characteristics of Filoviruses.. 11.1 Ultrastructure.. 11.2 Filoviral genomes.. 11.3 Filoviral subgenomic mRNAs and their expression products.. 11.3.1 The nucleoprotein gene (NP and its expression product (nucleoprotein, NP.. 11.3.2 The VP35 gene and its expression product (viral protein 35, VP35.. 11.3.3 The VP40 gene and its expression product (matrix protein, VP40.. 11.3.4 The ebolavirus GP gene and its primary expression product (secreted glycoprotein, sGP.. 11.3.5 The ebolaviral GP gene and its secondary expression product (spike protein, GP1,2.. 11.3.6 The ebolaviral GP gene and its tertiary expression product (secondary secreted glycoprotein, ssGP.. 11.3.7 The marburgviral GP gene and its expression product (spike protein, GP1,2.. 11.3.8 The VP30 gene and its expression product (VP30.. 11.3.9 The VP24 gene and its expression product (VP24.. 11.3.10 The L gene and its expression product (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, L.. 11.4 Cellular filovirus lifecycle.. 11.4.1 Filovirus cell entry.. 11.4.2 Transcription of filoviral genomes.. 11.4.3 Replication of filoviruses.. 11.4.4 Filovirus maturation and egress.. 11.5 Pathogenesis of filoviral disease.. 11.6 Conclusions.. 12 Laboratory Diagnosis of Filoviral Disease.. 12.1 Detection of filoviral RNA.. 12.2 Filovirus isolation.. 12.3 Detection of filoviral antigen.. 12.3.1 Immunofluorescent assays.. 12.3.2 Antigen-capture ELISA.. 12.3.3 Other assays for filoviral antigen detection.. 12.4 Detection of specific antibodies to filoviruses.. 12.4.1 Immunofluorescent assays.. 12.4.2 IgM-capture ELISA and IgG ELISA.. 12.4.3 Other assays for antibody detection.. 12.4.4 Recombinant filoviral antigens for antibody-detection assays.. 12.5 Immunohistochemistry.. 12.6 Electron microscopy.. 12.7 Outlook

13 Outbreak Containment.. 13.1 Global containment.. 13.2 Outbreak control in Africa.. 13.3 Outbreak control in developed countries.. 14 Inactivation of Filoviruses and Disinfection Protocols.. 15 Vaccine Development.. 15.1 Inactivated filovirions and filovirus-like particles.. 15.2 DNA candidate vaccines.. 15.3 Adenovirus candidate vaccines.. 15.4 Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-based candidate vaccines.. 15.5 Vaccinia virus-based candidate vaccines.. 15.6 Picornavirus-based candidate vaccines.. 15.7 Vesiculovirus-based candidate vaccines.. 15.8 Respirovirus-based candidate vaccines.. 15.9 Subunit candidate vaccines.. 15.10 Attenuated candidate vaccines.. 15.11 Other candidate vaccines.. 15.12 Conclusions.. 16 Treatment of Filoviral Disease.. 16.1 Supportive treatment.. 16.2 Mitigating filoviral disease by modifying host responses.. 16.2.1 Administration of interferon.. 16.2.2 Modifying cytokine responses.. 16.2.3 Modulation of coagulation disturbances.. 16.2.4 Traditional treatment.. 16.2.5 Homeopathic approaches.. 16.3 Filovirus-specific antivirals.. 16.3.1 Prevention of filovirus cell entry.. 16.3.2 Terpenes.. 16.3.3 Nucleosides.. 16.3.4 Antisense approaches.. 16.3.5 Other approaches.. 16.4 Combinatorial treatment.. 17 Appendix: Members of the Filoviridae Study Group, ICTV.. 18 List of Contributors.. 19 Acknowledgments.. 20 Notes About References.. 21 Index.. 22 Notes About CD-Rom Use

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The filoviruses (Lake Victoria marburgvirus and ebolaviruses) are etiological agents of severe hemorrhagic fevers with extraordinary high case-fatality rates for humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and probably other animals. Many institutions and experts consider them as potential threats to humanity because they could be used as biological weapons. This book summarizes in detail the contemporary knowledge of filoviruses and diseases they cause. Almost the entirety of the open literature on filoviruses, covering all major scientific and clinical fields, is referenced and summarized in this text, including most of the conference abstracts, book chapters, dissertations, government reports, patents, theses, and journal publications in many languages. The book will provide a robust source of knowledge for filovirologists, virologists and scientists in general, clinicians, students, journalists, and biodefense professionals. eng

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