Use of biomarkers for environmental quality assessment / editores: Laurent Lagadic, Thierry Caquet, Jean Claude Amiard, Francois Ramade

Incluye bibliografía e índice: páginas 313-320

Preface.. Introduction Biomarkers as Tools for Environmental Quality Assessment.. 1. Why do we monitor environmental quality?.. 2. How do we monitor environmental quality?.. 2.1 Detection and quantification of pollutants: chemical analysis.. 2.2 The biological approach.. 2.2.1 Some bioindicators for evaluation of the ecological health of environments.. 2.2.2 Biomarkers as tools for evaluating the health of individuals.. 3. Use of biomarkers in different types of ecosystems.. References.. Chapter 1.. History-Biological Basis of the Use of Biomarkers in Ecotoxicology.. 1. Environmental monitoring.. 2. The concept of biomarker.. 3. Historical stages in the development of biomarkers for environmental monitoring.. References.. Chapter 2.. Biochemical Indicators of Pollution in Coastal Ecosystems: Experience of the Groupe Interface Chimie-Biologie des Ecosystèmes Marins (GICBEM.. Introduction.. 1. GICBEM missions in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea.. 1.1 Study sites.. 1.2 Contaminants.. 1.3 Source species for biomarkers.. 1.4 Biomarkers studied.. 2. Results of GICBEM campaigns in 1989 and 1991 in the western Mediterranean Sea.. 2.1 The 1989 campaigns.. 2.1.1 The July 1989 campaign.. 2.1.1.1 Concentrations of contaminants.. 2.1.1.2 Biomarkers.. 2.1.2 The November 1989 campaign.. 2.2 The 1991 campaign.. 2.2.1 Concentrations of contaminants.. 2.2.2 Biomarkers.. 2.2.2.1 AChE activity in mussel.. 2.2.2.2 Phase I enzymatic activities in mussel and comber.. 3. Discussion.. 4. Transplantation of organisms into the Arcachon basin.. 5. Conclusions.. Acknowledgements.. References.. Chapter 3.. Application of EROD in Marine Fish in a Multidisciplinary Surveillance Programme in the North Sea.. Introduction CT.. 1. The North Sea monitoring programme.. 1.1 Setting up the monitoring programme.. 1.2 Definition of study sites.. 2. General description of the North Sea

3. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH and polychlorobiphenyls (PCB in the North Sea.. 3.1 Measurement of PCB and PAH in water.. 3.2 Measurement of PCB and PAH in sediments.. 3.3 PCB and PAH distribution in marine organisms.. 4. Exposure of organisms to pollutants: measurement of EROD activity.. 4.1 Factors affecting variations in EROD activity.. 4.2 Measurement of EROD activity and survey of diseases in fish.. 4.3 Mapping EROD activity in the North Sea.. 4.4 Monitoring biological effects on the French coasts of the Bay of Seine.. 5. Conclusion.. Acknowledgements.. References.. Chapter 4.. Use of EROD Enzymatic Activity in Freshwater Fish.. Introduction.. 1. EROD induction in situ and its relation to chemical contamination.. 2. Other factors modulating EROD induction in fish.. 2.1 Measurement conditions.. 2.2 Species.. 2.3 Season and the sex of individuals.. 2.4 Water temperature.. 2.5 Diet.. 2.6 Inhibition and interactions.. 2.7 Strategies currently planned.. 3. Research on relations between EROD induction and effects on other biological variables.. 4. Summary and perspectives.. References.. Chapter 5.. Use of Metallothioneins as Biomarkers of Exposure to Metals.. Introduction.. 1. General survey of analytic techniques for detection and quantification of metallothioneins.. 1.1 Chromatographic techniques.. 1.2 Metal saturation assay.. 1.3 Polarographic method.. 1.4 Immunological methods (RIA and ELISA.. 1.5 Quantification of mRNA.. 1.6 Remarks

2. General survey of sources of variability in metallothionein content.. 2.1 Variations linked to physiological condition of organisms.. 2.1.1 Variability in fish.. 2.1.2 Variability in invertebrates.. 2.1.2.1 Molluscs.. 2.1.2.2 Crustaceans.. 2.2 Variations linked to the species studied.. 2.2.1 Variability between zoological groups.. 2.2.1.1 Comparison between amphibians and fishes.. 2.2.1.2 Comparison between poikilotherms and homeotherms.. 2.2.2 Variability within a single zoological group.. 2.2.2.1 Invertebrates.. 2.2.2.2 Vertebrates.. 2.2.3 Variability within a single species.. 2.2.3.1 Variability of genetic origin.. 2.2.3.2 Variability in tissues.. 3. Examples of applications.. 3.1 Use of molluscs.. 3.2 Use of fishes.. 8 3.3 Use of birds.. 3.4 Use of mammals.. 4. Conclusion.. References.. Chapter 6.. Molecular Biomarkers of Exposure of Marine Organisms to Organophosphorus Pesticides and Carbamates.. Introduction.. 1. Pesticides in the marine environment: organophosphates and carbamates.. 1.1 The organophosphorus compounds.. 1.1.1 Release, transfer and levels of OPs in the environment.. 1.1.2 Degradation of OP compounds.. 1.2 Carbamates.. 1.2.1 Release, transfer and levels of carbamates in the environment.. 1.2.2 Degradation of carbamates.. 1.3 Evaluating the consequences of pesticide presence in the marine environment.. 2. Acetylcholinesterase.. 2.1 Methods of measuring AChE activity.. 2.2 Sources of variability in AChE activity.. 2.2.1 Variability linked to experimental conditions.. 2.2.2 An example of protocol for measuring AChE activity adapted for marine species.. 2.2.3 Natural variability of AChE.. 3. Toxicology of organophosphorus pesticides and carbamates present in the environment.. 3.1 In vitro toxicity tests of OPs and carbamates.. 3.2 In vivo evaluation of toxicity of OPs and carbamates

3.3 In situ toxicity of OP compounds and carbamates.. 4. Use of cholinesterases in evaluating effects of OP pesticides and carbamates in the marine environment.. 5. Perspectives.. References.. Chapter 7.. Biomarkers of Exposure of Birds and Small Mammals to Pollutants.. Introduction.. 1. Environmental contaminants and their effects.. 2. Use of biomarkers in terrestrial animals.. 2.1 Biomarkers of exposure to organophosphorus insecticides and carbamates: the esterases.. 2.2 Biomarkers of exposure to polyhalogenated and non- halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAH and PAH: cytochrome P450, plasma porphyrins and retinoids.. 2.2.1 Cytochrome P450.. 2.2.2 Plasma poryphyrins and retinoids.. 2.3 Biomarkers of exposure to genotoxic products.. 2.4 Biomarkers of exposure to heavy metals: 8-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD, metallothioneins and porphyrins.. 2.5 Biomarkers of exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides.. 2.6 Other biomarkers.. 3. Conclusion. Use of biomarkers for evaluation of environmental risk of pollutants.. References.. Chapter 8.. Biomarkers of Exposure of Terrestrial Plants to Pollutants: Application to Metal Pollution.. Introduction.. 1. Metal-specific biomarkers.. 1.1 Phytochelatins.. 1.2 Selenoproteins.. 2. Non-metal-specific biomarkers.. 2.1 Enzymatic changes.. 2.2 Metabolites.. 2.3 Membrane parameters.. 2.4 Genotoxicity tests.. 2.5 Fluorescence.. 3. Limits of the use of biomarkers.. 4. Conclusions.. References.. Chapter 9.. Endocrine Biomarkers: Hormonal Indicators of Sublethal Toxicity in Fishes.. 1. Physiological integrity and resistance to environmental xenobiotics in fish.. 2. Hormonal biomarkers in fishes.. 2.1 Use of hormonal indicators in detection of physiological anomalies caused by acid pH.. 2.1.1 Experimental laboratory studies

2.1.2 Validation of AVT as biomarker of toxic stress caused by acid pH in situ.. 2.2 Use of hormonal markers for the detection of anomalies caused by organic pollutants on reproduction.. 2.2.1 Experimental laboratory studies.. 2.2.2 Validation of sexual steroids as biomarkers of reproductive anomalies in situ.. 2.3 Use of plasma cortisol and thyroid hormones in detection of physiological anomalies caused by organic pollutants and heavy metals.. 2.3.1 Experimental laboratory studies.. 2.3.2 In situ validation of cortisol and plasma thyroid hormones as biomarkers of physiological anomalies caused by organic pollutants and heavy metals.. 3. Elements for setting up a strategy for use of hormonal biomarkers in situ.. 3.1 Physiological and ecological parameters to be considered.. 3.2 Statistical treatments.. 3.3 Non-invasive methods.. Acknowledgements.. References.. Chapter 10.. Use of Retinoids as Biomarkers.. Introduction.. 1. Biochemistry and biological role of retinoids.. 1.1 Absorption, storage, and metabolism.. 1.2 Effects of vitamin A deficiency and excess.. 1.2.1 Effects of vitamin A deficiency.. 1.2.2 Effects of vitamin A excess.. 1.3 Molecular basis of vitamin A activity.. 2. Effects of environmental contaminants on retinoid storage and use of retinoids as biomarkers.. 2.1 Yolk retinoids of bird eggs.. 2.1.1 Laboratory studies.. 2.1.2 Field studies.. 2.1.3 Sources of variation: sampling strategies.. 2.2 Hepatic and intestinal retinoids.. 2.2.1 Birds.. 2.2.1.1 Laboratory studies.. 2.2.1.2 Field studies.. 2.2.2 Fish.. 2.2.3 Mammals.. 2.2.3.1 Laboratory studies.. 2.2.3.2 Field studies.. 2.3 Blood retinol.. 3. Interpretation of fluctuations in retinoid levels.. 4. Comparative sensitivity of retinoids and other biomarkers.. 5. Conclusion.. References

Chapter 11.. Lysosomal Fragility as Cytological Biomarker.. Introduction.. 1. Lysosomal activity.. 2. Fragilization of the lysosome membrane: mechanisms and implications in research on cellular biomarkers.. 2.1 Mechanisms of action of stress factors on the lysosome membrane.. 2.2 Research on cellular biomarkers.. 2.3 Study methods.. 3. Lysosomal responses to contaminants in indigenous populations of invertebrates and vertebrates.. 3.1 Lysosomal responses to stress in Mollusca.. 3.2 Lysosomal responses to stress in fishes.. 4. Applicability at the ecosystem level.. References.. Chapter 12.. Molecular, Genetic and Population Bases of Insect Resistance to Insecticides.. Introduction.. 1. Biochemical and genetic mechanisms of resistance of insects to insecticides.. 1.1 Targets of insecticides.. 1.2 Detoxication enzymes.. 1.2.1 Esterases.. 1.2.2 Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases.. 1.2.3 Glutathione S-transferases.. 2. Mechanisms of dispersal of genes of resistance to insecticides.. 2.1 Dynamics of the development of resistance.. 2.2 Intra- and interspecific variability.. 2.3 Genes of resistance and environmental factors.. 3. Ecotoxicological significance of resistance.. 3.1 Resistance and ecological fitness.. 3.2 Perspectives.. 4. Conclusion.. References.. Chapter 13.. Consequences of Individual-Level Alterations on Population Dynamics and Community Structure and Function.. Introduction.. 1. Basic mechanisms of population, community and ecosystem dynamics.. 1.1 Populations.. 1.2 Communities.. 1.3 Ecosystems.. 2. Biomarkers and behaviour.. 2.1 Biomarkers of neurotoxicity.. 2.2 Behavioural biomarkers.. 2.2.1 Avoidance behaviour.. 2.2.1.1 Avoidance in relation to contaminants or contaminated sites.. 2.2.1.2 Escape behaviour in relation to predators.. 2.2.2 Reproductive and parental behaviour.. 2.2.3 Foraging behaviour

2.3 Perspectives.. 3. Reproduction, development, growth and energy allocation.. 3.1 Biomarkers of alteration of hormonal processes.. 3.1.1 Biomarkers and estrogen-mimic compounds.. 3.1.2 Biomarkers of contamination of aquatic environment by tributyltin (TBT.. 3.2 Biomarkers and energy allocation for growth and reproduction.. 4. Conclusion-Limits to the use of biomarkers for predicting effects at the population and community level.. References.. Conclusion.. Biomarkers and Evaluation of the Ecotoxicological Impact of Pollutants.. 1. Use of biomarkers for monitoring environmental quality.. 2. Limitations to the use of biomarkers in natural environments.. 3. Validation of the use of biomarkers in the monitoring of environmental quality.. 3.1 Methodological aspects.. 3.2 Interpretation of results: significance of biomarkers.. 3.2.1 Diagnostic approach: biomarkers and environmental impact of pollutants.. 3.2.2 Predictive approach: biomarkers and environmental risk assessment.. 4. Conclusion.. References 3.. Index

The assessment of environment quality is a difficult task and requires well-adapted tools. During the last fifteen years, the improvement of biochemical and molecular techniques has made it possible to develop biomarkers as new biological tools for environmental monitoring. A biomarker may be defined as a change that can be observed and/or measured at the molecular, biochemical, cellular, physiological, or behavioural level, and that reveals present or past environmental exposure of an individual to at least one pollutant. A large number of individual parameters fall within this definition. Therefore, a wide range of biomarkers is available to assess nearly every type of pollution occurring in the environment. However, in situ use of biomarkers for evaluating the ecological impact of environmental pollutants still requires conceptual and methodological improvements. The recent introduction of biomarkers in national and international programmes of environmental quality assessment has raised some questions about the actual use of- these biological tools. This book presents examples of the use of biomarkers in the monitoring of terrestrial, freshwater and marine environment quality. These examples are critically analysed by environmental scientists involved in field use of biomarkers. On the basis of this analysis and of fundamental knowledge on possible confusing factors, proposals are made for improvement of the assessment of environmental effects of pollutants using biomarkers. The possibilities of linking biomarker responses with effects of pollutants at higher levels of biological organization are also addressed. The book is aimed at all researchers, environmental consultants, and regulatory personnel involved in various aspects of environmental quality assessment. It will be a useful textbook for teachers and students for courses in ecotoxicology and environmental management. eng