Speciation / Jerry A. Coyne, H. Allen Orr

Incluye bibliografía: páginas 473-521 e índice: páginas 523-545

Introduction.. 1 Species: Reality and Concepts.. The Reality of Species.. Sexually reproducing eukaryotic taxa.. Groups with little or no sexual reproduction.. Conclusions.. 2 Species Concepts.. The biological species concept (BSC.. Advantages of the BSC.. Problems with the BSC.. Other species concepts.. Why Are There Species?.. Studying Speciation.. The Problem of Speciation.. Identifying and Measuring Reproductive Isolation.. Absolute strength of isolating barriers.. Relative strength of isolating barriers.. Prezygotic versus postzygotic isolation.. Which isolating barriers caused speciation?.. Comparative Studies of Isolating Barriers.. How fast does reproductive isolation appear?.. Which traits promote the evolution of reproductive isolation?.. 3 Allopatric and Parapatric Speciation.. Allopatric Speciation.. Vicariant speciation.. Peripatric speciation.. Parapatric Speciation.. Theory.. Experimental evidence.. Evidence from nature.. Conclusions.. 4 Sympatric Speciation.. Theory.. Disruptive sexual selection.. Disruptive natural selection.. Conclusions.. Experimental Evidence.. Evidence from Nature.. Evidence from habitat "islands".. Evidence from host races and host-specific species.. Allochronic (temporal isolation in sympatry.. Comparative studies of the biogeography of speciation.. Conclusions.. 5 Ecological Isolation.. Habitat Isolation.. Detecting and measuring habitat isolation.. The problem of allopatry.. Examples of habitat isolation.. Relative importance of habitat isolation.. The evolution of habitat isolation.. The genetics of habitat isolation.. Pollinator (Floral Isolation.. Detecting and measuring pollinator isolation.. Examples of pollinator isolation.. Relative importance of pollinator isolation.. The evolution of pollinator isolation.. The genetics of pollinator isolation.. Temporal (Allochronic Isolation.. Detecting and measuring temporal isolation.. Examples of temporal isolation

Relative importance of temporal isolation.. The evolution of temporal isolation.. The genetics of temporal isolation.. Conclusions.. 6 Behavioral and Nonecological Isolation.. Mating System "Isolation".. Behavioral Isolation.. Detecting and measuring behavioral isolation.. Examples of behavioral isolation.. Relative importance of behavioral isolation.. The evolution of behavioral isolation.. The genetics of behavioral isolation.. Mechanical Isolation.. Examples of mechanical isolation.. Relative importance of mechanical isolation.. The evolution of mechanical isolation.. The genetics of mechanical isolation.. Gametic (Postmating, Prezygotic Isolation.. Examples of gametic isolation.. Relative importance of gametic isolation.. The evolution of gametic isolation.. Conclusions.. 7 Postzygotic Isolation.. Extrinsic Postzygotic Isolation.. Intrinsic Postzygotic Isolation.. The Frequency of Various Forms of Postzygotic Isolation.. The Evolution of Extrinsic versus Intrinsic Postzygotic Isolation.. Genetic Modes of Intrinsic Postzygotic Isolation.. Chromosomal speciation: theory.. Chromosomal speciation: data.. Genic incompatibilities.. The evolution of genic incompatibilities: the Dobzhansky-Muller model.. Mathematical models of genic speciation.. Wolbachia and cytoplasmic incompatibility.. Conclusions.. 8 The Genetics of Postzygotic Isolation.. Haldane's Rule.. The phenomenon.. The causes of Haldane's rule.. Conclusions.. The Genetic Basis of Postzygotic Isolation.. How many genes cause postzygotic isolation?.. Complexity of hybrid incompatibilities.. Probability of hybrid incompatibilities.. Where are the genes causing postzygotic isolation?.. Developmental basis of postzygotic isolation.. Are duplicate genes important?.. Which genes cause postzygotic isolation?.. 9 Polyploidy and Hybrid Speciation.. Polyploidy.. Classification.. Pathways to polyploidy.. Incidence.. Frequency of auto- versus allopolyploidy

Ecology and persistence.. Why is polyploidy rarer in animals than in plants?.. Recombinational Speciation.. What is recombinational speciation?.. Theory.. The data: frequency and artificial hybrids.. The data: natural recombinational speciation.. The data meet the theory.. 10 Reinforcement.. The Data.. Selection experiments.. Evidence from nature: case studies.. Evidence from nature: comparative studies.. Reinforcement of postzygotic isolation.. The Theory.. Early enthusiasm.. Objections to reinforcement.. The revival of reinforcement.. Alternative Explanations.. Publication bias.. Differential fusion.. Direct ecological effects.. Ecological character displacement.. Runaway sexual selection.. Sympatric speciation.. Distinguishing the Alternatives.. 11 Selection versus Drift.. Speciation by Selection.. Natural selection.. Sexual selection.. Mathematical theories of selection-based speciation.. Speciation by Drift.. Peak shift models.. Theoretical Criticisms.. Recent Peak Shift Models.. The Data.. Evidence from the laboratory.. Evidence from nature.. Conclusions.. 12 Speciation and Macroevolution.. Rates of Speciation.. What is a speciation rate?.. Theory and speciation rates.. Calculating speciation intervals.. Extreme rates of speciation.. What is the effect of biogeography?.. Conclusions.. Factors Affecting Speciation Rates.. Tests for the effects of key factors.. Distinguishing speciation from extinction.. The data.. Conclusions.. Species Selection.. Appendix: A Catalogue and Critique of Species Concepts.. Genotypic Cluster Species Concept.. Recognition Species Concept.. Cohesion Species Concept.. Evolutionary Species Concept.. Ecological Species Concept.. Phylogenetic Species Concepts.. References.. Author Index.. Subject Index

Over the last two decades, the study of speciation has expanded from a modest backwater of evolutionary biology into a large and vigorous discipline. Thus, the literature on speciation, as well as the number of researchers and students working in this area, has grown explosively. Despite these developments, there has been no book-length treatment of speciation in many years. As a result, both the seasoned scholar and the newcomer to evolutionary biology had no ready guide to the recent literature on speciation-a body of work that is enormous, scattered, and increasingly technical. Although several excellent symposium volumes have recently appeared, these collections do not provide a unified, critical, and up-to-date overview of the field. Speciation is designed to fill this gap. Aimed at professional biologists, graduate students, and advanced undergraduates, Speciation covers both plants and animals (the first book on this subject to do so), and deals with all relevant areas of research, including biogeography, field work, systematics, theory, and genetic and molecular studies. It gives special emphasis to topics that are either controversial or the subject of active research, including sympatric speciation, reinforcement, the role of hybridization in speciation, the search for genes causing reproductive isolation, and mounting evidence for the role of natural and sexual selection in the origin of species. The authors do not hesitate to take stands on these and other controversial issues. This critical and scholarly book will be invaluable to researchers in evolutionary biology and is also ideal for a graduate-level course on speciation. eng