Bibliografía: páginas 285-298

Executive Summary.. Introduction What are research impacts?.. Summary.. Part A Maximizing the Academic Impacts of Research.. Chapter 1. What shapes the citing of academic publications?.. 1.1 Variations in citations rates across disciplines.. 1.2 Academic careers and the accumulation of citations.. 1.3 Career trajectories and the development of capabilities and publications.. Summary.. Chapter 2 Knowing your strengths: using citation tracking systems.. 2.1 How distinctive is your author name?.. 2.2 Orthodox citation-tracking systems.. 2.3 Internet-based citation-tracking systems.. 2.4 Comparing conventional and internet citations tracking systems.. Summary.. Chapter 3. Key measures of academic influence.. 3.1 Assessing how well an author is cited.. 3.2 Assessing how far journals and books are cited.. 3.3 Who cites a little or a lot: Hub and authority patterns.. Summary.. Chapter 4. Getting better cited.. 4.1 Writing informative titles, abstracts and book blurbs.. 4.2 The issues around self-citation.. 4.3 Working with co-authors and research teams.. Summary.. Part B Maximizing Research Impacts Beyond the Academy.. Chapter 5. The origins and patterning of external research impacts.. 5.1 Types of scholarship within disciplines and external impacts.. 5.2 The role of joined-up scholarship.. 5.3 Understanding the impacts interface.. 5.4 How far do academics and researchers undertake activities likely to generate external impacts?.. Summary.. Chapter 6. Is there an impacts gap from academic work to external impacts? How might it have arisen? How might it be reduced?.. 6.1 Demand and supply mismatches.. 6.2 Insufficient incentives problems.. 6.3 Poor mutual understanding and communication.. 6.4 Cultural mismatch problems.. 6.5 Weak social networks and social capital.. Summary

Chapter 7. Understanding how researchers achieve external impacts.. 7.1 Theoretical discussion.. 7.2 Empirical evidence.. 7.3 Credit claiming for research.. Summary.. Chapter 8. Understanding, tracking and comparing external impacts for Organizations.. 8.1 External impacts are rooted in collective 'tacit knowledge'.. 8.2 The time lags in achieving impacts.. 8.3 Generating an evidence base about external impacts.. 8.4 Comparing organizations' and disciplines' performance.. 8.5 Managing impacts work - potential pitfalls.. Summary.. Chapter 9. Expanding external research impacts.. 9.1 Developing an impacts file for individual academics.. 9.2 Reappraising events programmes.. 9.3 Building improved management of 'customer relationships'.. 9. 4 Moving some version of all closed-web published research onto the open-Web.. 9.5 Improving professional communication: starting multi-author blogs.. 9.6 Working better in networks.. Summary.. Methodological Annex: the PPG dataset.. Bibliography

Acceso en línea sin restricciones

Defining research impacts 1. A research impact is a recorded or otherwise auditable occasion of influence from academic research on another actor or organization. a. Academic impacts from research are influences upon actors in academia or universities, e.g. as measured by citations in other academic authors' work. b. External impacts are influences on actors outside higher education, that is, in business, government or civil society, e.g. as measured by references in the trade press or in government documents, or by coverage in mass media. 2. A research impact is an occasion of influence and hence it is not the same thing as a change in outputs or activities as a result of that influence, still less a change in social outcomes. Changes in organizational outputs and social outcomes are always attributable to multiple forces and influences. Consequently, verified causal links from one author or piece of work to output changes or to social outcomes cannot realistically be made or measured in the current state of knowledge. 3. A research impact is also emphatically not a claim for a clear-cut social welfare gain (i.e. it is not causally linked to a social outcome that has been positively evaluated or validated as beneficial to society in some way). 4. However, secondary impacts from research can sometimes be traced at a much more aggregate level, and some macro-evaluations of the economic net benefits of university research are feasible. Improving our knowledge of primary impacts as occasions of influence is the best route to expanding what can be achieved here. What shapes the citing of academic publications? 5. Citation rates are used as a basis for tracking academic impacts. The shape of citation rates vary widely across academic disciplines. Inglés

6. There are substantial differences in the general rate of citing across disciplines with more cites (including self-cites) being found in the sciences than the social sciences. 7. The type of output chosen affects citation rates e.g. on average a book will take longer to be referred to but will be cited for longer. 8. How academics balance their time across the six areas of responsibility will be another important factor in citation rates. Knowing your strengths 9. In the past academics have had few available tools to track their citation rates. We suggest using a combination of the three best tools which are Harzing's Publish or Perish, Google Scholar and Book Search, and the ISI Web of Knowledge. 10. Having a distinctive author name is essential for academics' work to be easily found amongst a global deluge of information. 11. Conventional citation-tracking systems like ISI WOK and Scopus have limited coverage in the social sciences and humanities, and an American-based geographical bias, as well as capturing relatively few citations in languages other than English. 12. Internet-based systems like Harzing's Publish or Perish, Google and Scirus cover a wider range of academic outputs and now provide more reliable analysis of how research is being cited - much more reliable in the social sciences and humanities. Key measures of academic influence 13. Simple indicators for judging citation rates - such as total number of publications, total number of citations, and an age-weighted citation rate do not accurately capture an academics' citation success. 14. Calculating an academic's h-score and g-score provides a more robust picture of how much an academic's work is valued by her peers. Inglés

15. Across all disciplines in the social sciences journal articles account for the majority of citations, reflecting the large numbers of published articles. Books account for 8 to 30 per cent of citations across different disciplines. Books may figure disproportionately amongst those well-cited entries that build h scores and the g index. Book chapters, however, are often hard to find and are poorly referenced. 16. Network analysis can help shed light on the difference in citation rates between 'hub' and 'authority' academics at different stages in their careers, which compares the number of inward and outward citations. Getting better cited 17. Academics who wish to improve the citation rate of their journal articles should ensure that title names are informative and memorable, and that their abstracts contain key 'bottom line' or 'take-away points'. 18. Book authors should ensure that their titles and sub-titles are distinctive yet appear in general 'Google Book' searches around the given theme. 19. There are a number of schools of thoughts regarding self-citations. In general academics should aim to ensure their own self-citation rate is in line with academics in the same discipline. 20. Co-authored outputs tend to generate more citations due to networking effects between authors in a given research team or lab, especially if the coauthors come from different universities or countries. Patterns of external research impacts Inglés

21. Generating impact within single academic disciplines is a complex process encompassing not only 'discovery' but also integration, application, and professional renewal; each of which impart significant demands on an academic's time. 22. Academic work is highly siloed into disciplines while societal problems are multi-dimensional. Bridging scholarship across disciplines, promoting integration at the university level, and engaging in academic and professional service are some ways in which academics' work can better reach and influence wider society. 23. The 'impacts interface' describes how in advanced societies intermediaries such as consultancies, think tanks, the media, and other organisational bodies aggregate, distil and re-package trends in academic research for clients and other actors in the private sector, government, and civil society. 24. Academics giving informal advice to businesses, along with lectures, networking, contract work, student placements, joint publications and consultancy are the most widely undertaken activities likely to generate external impacts. Is there an impacts gap? 25. Government officials and businesses often complain of an 'impact gap' where academic research fails to fulfil its potential to influence wider societal development. (The wider issue of 'outcome gaps' is too difficult to track or discuss due to the multi-causal nature of social life and the weak existing evidence base about such issues). 26. If there is an impacts gap it could be attributed to: · demand and supply mismatches; · insufficient incentives problems; · poor mutual understanding and communication; · cultural mismatch problems; or · weak social networks and social capital. Inglés

Disponible en línea

Adobe Acrobat profesional 6.0 o superior