Incluye bibliografía e índice: páginas 575-600

Preface.. Part I.. Planet Earth in the Solar System.. 1.. What Is Geochemistry?.. 1.1 Early History.. 1.2 Geochemistry in the U.S.S.R. .. 1.3 V. M. Goldschmidt.. 1.4 Modern Geochemistry.. References.. 2.. In the Beginning.. 2.1 The Big Bang.. 2.2 Stellar Evolution.. 2.3 Nucleosynthesis.. 2.4 Summary.. Problems.. References.. 3.. The Solar System.. 3.1 Origin of the Solar System.. 3.2 Origin of the Earthlike Planets.. 3.3 Satellites of the Outer Planets.. 3.4 Pictures of Our Solar System.. 3.5 Summary.. References.. 4.. Chemical Differentiation of the Earth.. 4.1 Internal Structure of the Earth.. 4.2 The Continental Crust: Major Elements.. 4.3 Differentiation of Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks.. 4.4 Differentiation of the Hydrosphere.. 4.5 Summary.. Problems.. References.. Part II.. Principles of Inorganic Geochemistry.. 5.. The Electronic Structure of Atoms.. 5.1 The Atom of Thomson and Rutherford.. 5.2 Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom.. 5.3 Emission of X-rays.. 5.4 Schrödinger's Model of the Atom.. 5.5 The Aufbau Principle.. 5.6 Summary.. Problems.. References.. 6.. The Periodic Table and Atomic Weights.. 6.1 Mendeleev's Periodic Table.. 6.2 The Modern Periodic Table.. 6.3 Basic Principles of Atomic Physics.. 6.4 Atomic Weights.. 6.5 Summary.. Problems.. References.. 7.. Chemical Bonds , Ionic Radii, and Crystals.. 7.1 Electron Donors Versus Acceptors.. 7.2 Measures of Metallic Character.. 7.3 Bonding in Molecules.. 7.4 Ionic Crystals.. 7.5 Ionic Radii.. 7.6 Summary.. Problems.. References.. 8.. Ionic Substitution in Crystals.. 8.1 Goldschmidt's Rules of Substitution.. 8.2 Camouflage, Capture, and Admission.. 8.3 Coupled Substitution: Key to the Feldspars.. 8.4 Distribution Coefficients and Geothermometers.. 8.5 Geochemical Classification of the Elements.. 8.6 Summary

Part III.. Aqueous Geochemistry and the Stability Of Minerals.. 9.. Acids and Bases.. 9.1 Chemical Reactions and Equilibria.. 9.2 The Law of Mass Action.. 9.3 Dissociation of Weak Acids and Bases.. 9.4 Solubility of Sparingly Soluble Bases.. 9.5 pH Control of Dissociation Equilibria.. 9.6 Solubility of Amorphous Silica.. 9.7 Summary Problems References.. 10.. Salts and Their Ions .. 10.1 Solubility of Salts.. 10.2 Hydrolysis.. 10.3 Activities and Concentrations.. 10.4 Solubility of Calcium Carbonate.. 10.5 Chemical Weathering.. 10.6 Transformation of Potassium Feldspar to Kaolinite.. 10.7 Summary.. Problems.. References.. 11.. Thermodynamics.. 11.1 Definitions.. 11.2 The First Law.. 11.3 Enthalpy.. 11.4 Heats of Reaction.. 11.5 Heat Capacity.. 11.6 The Second Law.. 11.7 Gibbs Free Energy.. 11.8 Derivation of the Law of Mass Action.. 11.9 Fugacity and Activity.. 11.10 The van't Hoff Equation.. 11.11 Solubility of Amorphous Silica Between 0 and 100 °C.. 11.12 Summary.. Problems.. References.. 12.. Mineral Stability Diagrams.. 12.1 Chemical Weathering of Feldspars.. 12.2 Formation of Zeolites.. 12.3 Magnesium Silicates.. 12.4 Solubility Diagrams.. 12.5 Fugacity Diagrams.. 12.6 Summary.. Problems.. References.. 13.. Clay Minerals .. Crystal Structure.. Classification and Chemical Composition.. Gibbs Free Energies of Formation.. Stability Diagrams.. Colloidal Suspensions and Ion Exchange.. Dating of Clay Minerals.. Summary.. Problems.. References.. 14.. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions.. Balancing Equations of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions.. The Electromotive Series.. The Emf of Electrochemical Cells.. Stability Limits of Water in Terms of Eh and pH.. Stability of Iron Compounds.. Summary.. Problems.. References.. 15.. Rates of Geochemical Processes.. 15.1 Rates of Chemical Reactions.. 15.2 Transport of Matter: Advection.. 15.3 Transport of Matter: Diffusion.. 15.4 Growth of Concretions During Diagenesis.. 15.5 Growth of Monomineralic Layers

15.6 Summary.. Problems.. References.. Part IV.. Isotope Geochemistry and Mixing.. 16.. Isotopic Geochronometers.. 16.1 Decay Modes.. 16.2 Law of Radioactivity.. 16.3 Methods of Dating.. 16.4 Cosmogenic Radionuclides.. 16.5 Summary.. Problems.. References.. 17.. Isotope Fractionation.. 17.1 Principles of Isotope Fractionation.. 17.2 Mathematical Relations.. 17.3 Isotope Fractionation in the Hydrosphere.. 17.4 Oxygen Isotope Composition of Calcite.. 17.5 Oxygen and Hydrogen in Clay Minerals.. 17.6 Groundwater and Geothermal Brines.. 17.7 Isotope Fractionation of Carbon.. 17.8 Isotope Compositions of Strontium in Carbonate Rocks.. 17.9 Isotope Fractionation of Sulfur.. 17.10 Summary.. Problems.. References.. 18.. Mixing and Dilution.. 18.1 Binary Mixtures.. 18.2 Dilution.. 18.3 Evaporative Concentration.. 18.4 Ternary Mixtures.. 18.5 Isotopic Mixtures of One Element.. 18.6 Isotopic Mixtures of Two Elements.. 18.7 Summary.. Problems.. References.. Part V.. Applications of Geochemistry To the Solution of Global Problems.. 19.. Consequences of Chemical Weathering.. 19.1 Changes in Chemical Composition of Rocks.. 19.2 Normative Mineral Composition of Weathering Products.. 19.3 Susceptibility of Minerals to Weathering.. 19.4 Formation of Placer Deposits.. 19.5 Provenance Determination by Isotopic Dating.. 19.6 Formation of Soils.. 19.7 Geomicrobiology.. 19.8 Food Production and Population Growth.. 19.9 Summary.. Problems.. References.. 20.. Chemical Composition of Surface Water.. 20.1 Chemical Analysis of Water in Streams.. 20.2 Chemical Composition of Streams.. 20.3 Chemical Composition of Meteoric Precipitation.. 20.4 Normative Minerals from Water Compositions.. 20.5 Evaporative Concentration.. 20.6 Water Quality.. 20.7 Summary.. Problems.. References.. 21.. Chemical Weathering of Mineral Deposits.. 21.1 Metallic Mineral Deposits.. 21.2 Oxidation of Iron Sulfides and the Role of Bacteria.. 21.3 Eh-pH Diagram for Copper Minerals

21.4 Supergene Enrichment of Fe-Cu Sulfide Deposits.. 21.5 Replacement of Pyrite by Chalcocite -.. 21.6 Oxidation of Ore Minerals of Other Metals.. 21.7 Geochemical Exploration.. 21.8 Production and Consumption of Mineral Resources.. 21.9 Summary.. Problems.. References.. 22.. Geochemical Cycles.. 22.1 The Principle of Mass Balance.. 22.2 Mass Balance for Major Elements in the Ocean.. 22.3 Mass Balance for Trace Elements in the Ocean.. 22.4 The Cycles of C-H-O-N.. 22.5 The Sulfur Cycle.. 22.6 Summary.. Problems.. References.. 23.. Chemistry of the Atmosphere.. 23.1 Structure and Composition.. 23.2 Ultraviolet Radiation.. 23.3 Ozone in the Stratosphere.. 23.4 Ozone Hole over Antarctica.. 23.5 Infrared Radiation and the Greenhouse Effect.. 23.6 Prediction of the Future Global Climate.. 23.7 Summary.. Problems.. References.. 24.. Environmental Geochemistry: Disposal of Radioactive Waste.. 24.1 The Big Picture.. 24.2 High-Level Nuclear Waste Disposal.. 24.3 Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste.. 24.4 Geochemistry of Plutonium.. 24.5 Eh-pH Diagrams of Neptunium and Plutonium.. 24.6 Analog Studies: The Natural Reactors at Oklo, Gabon.. 24.7 Reactor Accidents: Chernobyl, Ukraine.. 24.8 Summary.. Problems.. References.. 25.. Effect of Environmental Lead on Human Health.. 25.1 Isotope Composition of Environmental Lead.. 25.2 Lead in the Environment.. 25.3 Lead in Plants.. 25.4 Lead Poisoning of Cows and Horses.. 25.5 Human Bones and Tissues.. 25.6 Lead in the Bones of Ancient Peoples.. 25.7 Summary.. Problems.. References.. Appendix A.. Compilations of Geochemical Data.. Appendix B.. Standard Gibbs Free Energies (G°f and Standard Enthalpies of Formation (H°f .. Author Index.. Subject Index

Designed to show readers how to use chemical principles in solving geological problems, this book emphasizes a quantitative approach to problem solving and demonstrates how chemical principles control geologic processes in atomic and large-scale environments. The book starts with basic principles and emphasizes quantitative methods of problem-solving. It uses the principles of isotope geology to enhance the understanding of appropriate geochemical subject areas. The book also examines the geochemical processes that affect the chemical composition of surface water and that determine its quality for human consumption. For anyone interested in Geochemistry or Geology. Inglés