Incluye bibliografía e índice: páginas 296-312

Contributors.. 1 Chemical ecology of insect parasitoids: towards a new era.. Abstract.. 1.1 Introduction.. 1.2 Integrating behavioural ecology and chemical ecology in insect parasitoids.. 1.3 The use of chemical ecology to improve the efficacy of insect parasitoids in biological control programmes.. 1.4 Overview.. 1.5 Conclusions.. Acknowledgements.. References.. Part 1 Basic concepts.. 2 Plant defences and parasitoid chemical ecology.. Abstract.. 2.1 Introduction.. 2.2 Plant defences against a diversity of attackers.. 2.2.1 Plant defence signalling pathways.. 2.2.2 Plant volatiles and parasitoids.. 2.2.3 Plant toxins and parasitoids.. 2.2.4 Cross-talk between plant defence pathways.. 2.3 Above-ground-below-ground interactions and parasitoids.. 2.4 Climate change and parasitoid chemical ecology.. 2.5 Conclusions.. Acknowledgements.. References.. 3 Foraging strategies of parasitoids in complex chemical environments.. Abstract.. 3.1 Introduction.. 3.2 Chemical complexity.. 3.2.1 Plant species diversity and habitat location.. 3.2.2 Variability in host plant traits and their effects on parasitoid host location.. 3.3 Foraging strategies of parasitoids in chemically complex environments.. 3.3.1 Behavioural responses to chemical complexity.. 3.3.2 Learning, sensory fi lters and neural constraints affecting strategies for dealing with complexity.. 3.3.3 Infl uences of life history traits on foraging strategy.. 3.4 Conclusions.. References.. 4 Chemical ecology of insect parasitoids in a multitrophic above- and below-ground context.. Abstract.. 4.1 Introduction.. 4.2 Influence of root feeders on above-ground insect herbivores.. 4.3 Influence of soil-borne symbionts on above-ground insect herbivores.. 4.4 Plant-mediated effects of root feeders and soil-borne symbionts on growth and development of parasitoids.. 4.5 Effects of root-feeding insects on HIPVs and host location of parasitoids

4.6 Expanding an above-below-ground bitrophic reductionist perspective.. Acknowledgement.. References.. 5 A hitch-hiker's guide to parasitism: the chemical ecology of phoretic insect parasitoids.. Abstract.. 5.1 Phoresy.. 5.2 Prevalence of phoretic parasitoids.. 5.3 Important parasitoid and host traits.. 5.3.1 Parasitoid traits.. 5.3.2 Host traits.. 5.4 Chemical espionage on host pheromones.. 5.4.1 Espionage on male aggregation pheromone.. 5.4.2 Espionage on sex pheromones.. 5.4.3 Espionage on anti-sex pheromones.. 5.5 Coevolution between phoretic spies and hosts.. 5.6 Biological control.. 5.7 Future perspectives.. Acknowledgements.. References.. 6 Novel insights into pheromone-mediated communication in parasitic hymenopterans.. Abstract.. 6.1 Introduction.. 6.2 Pheromones and sexual behaviour.. 6.2.1 Volatile sex attractants.. 6.2.2 Female-derived courtship pheromones.. 6.2.3 Male-derived courtship pheromones.. 6.3 Other pheromones.. 6.3.1 Marking pheromones.. 6.3.2 Putative alarm and appeasement pheromones.. 6.3.3 Aggregation pheromones.. 6.3.4 Anti-aggregation pheromones.. 6.4 Variability in pheromone-mediated sexual behaviour.. 6.4.1 Innate plasticity of pheromone behaviour.. 6.4.2 Learnt plasticity of pheromone behaviour.. 6.4.3 Plasticity of pheromone behaviour caused by abiotic factors.. 6.5 Pheromone biosynthesis.. 6.6 Evolution of parasitoid sex pheromones.. 6.7 Conclusions and outlook.. References.. 7 Chemical ecology of tachinid parasitoids.. Abstract.. 7.1 Introduction.. 7.2 Long-range orientation.. 7.2.1 Long-range orientation by direct type parasitoids.. 7.2.2 Long-range orientation by indirect type parasitoids.. 7.2.3 Host pheromones used by direct type parasitoids.. 7.3 Short-range orientation.. 7.3.1 Short-range orientation by direct type parasitoids.. 7.3.2 Short-range orientation by indirect type parasitoids.. 7.4 Conclusions.. Acknowledgements.. References

8 Climate change and its effects on the chemical ecology of insect parasitoids.. Abstract.. 8.1 On climate change and chemical ecology.. 8.2 Direct climate change impacts on parasitoids.. 8.3 Climate change and bottom-up impacts on parasitoids: herbivore host and plant host quality.. 8.4 Impacts of climate change-related abiotic stresses on parasitoid ecology and behaviour.. 8.4.1 Impacts of elevated temperature.. 8.4.2 Precipitation and drought.. 8.4.3 Gaseous reactive air pollutants.. 8.4.4 Atmospheric CO2 concentration.. 8.4.5 Parasitoid response to combined abiotic stresses.. 8.5 Climate change impacts on biological control.. 8.6 Ecosystem services provided by parasitoids: impact of changing climate.. 8.7 Future research directions and conclusions.. References.. Part 2 Applied concepts.. 9 Chemical ecology of insect parasitoids: essential elements for developing effective biological control programmes.. Abstract.. 9.1 Introduction.. 9.2 Essential elements in parasitoid chemical ecology.. 9.3 Manipulation of the population levels of natural enemies by semiochemicals.. 9.4 Limits and perspectives of behavioural manipulation of parasitoids by applying semiochemicals.. 9.5 Cautionary example: interspecific competitive interactions in parasitoids.. 9.6 Conclusions.. References.. 10 The application of chemical cues in arthropod pest management for arable crops.. Abstract.. 10.1 Arable crops: characteristics of the systems and trophic interactions mediated by chemical cues.. 10.2 Methodologies for using chemical cues to attract and retain parasitoids in arable crops.. 10.2.1 Direct application of semiochemicals.. 10.2.2 Environmental manipulation.. 10.3 Final considerations.. Acknowledgements.. References

11 Application of chemical cues in arthropod pest management for orchards and vineyards.. Abstract.. 11.1 Introduction.. 11.2 Pheromone-based tactics in orchards and vineyards.. 11.2.1 Host sex pheromones.. 11.2.2 Parasitoid pheromones.. 11.3 Allelochemical-based manipulation in orchards and vineyards.. 11.3.1 Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs.. 11.3.2 Host-associated volatiles (HAVs.. 11.4 Conclusions.. Acknowledgement.. References.. 12 Application of chemical cues in arthropod pest management for organic crops.. Abstract.. 12.1 Introduction: organic farming and compatibility of chemical cues.. 12.2 Overview of plant defences involving plant volatiles.. 12.3 The use of synthetic HIPVs in pest management.. 12.4 Arthropod pest management strategies used in organic farming.. 12.5 Potential for extending chemical cue use in organic systems.. 12.6 Conclusions.. References.. 13 Application of chemical cues in arthropod pest management for forest trees.. Abstract.. 13.1 Forest insect herbivores and natural enemy host/prey finding.. 13.2 Introduction to forest systems.. 13.3 Examples from North America.. 13.3.1 Native bark beetles in plantation and unmanaged forests.. 13.3.2 Introduced defoliator in urban and unmanaged forests.. 13.3.3 Introduced wood borer in plantation and urban environments.. 13.4 Conclusions.. References.. Index

"Insect parasitoids are a fascinating group of animals in many respects. Perhaps the most fascinating point is that these insects, in the course of the evolutionary time, have developed an impressive way to use chemical compounds to dialogue with the different protagonists of their environment (i.e., conspecifics, their hosts and the plants on which their hosts are living). Unravelling the evolutionary meaning of such chemical communication networks can give new insights into the ecology of these insects and especially on how to improve their use for the control of noxious pests in biological control programmes." Inglés