Incluye bibliografía (página 341-388 e índice (página 389-409

1 Community ecology's roots.. What is a community?.. The ecological niche.. Whither competition theory?.. New directions.. Part I The Big Picture: Patterns, Causes, and Consequences of Biodiversity.. 2 Patterns of biological diversity.. Assessing biological diversity.. Alpha, beta, and gamma diversity.. Patterns of biological diversity.. Area and species richness.. The distribution of species abundance.. Productivity and species richness.. The latitudinal diversity gradient.. A null model: geometric constraints and the "mid-domain effect".. Ecological hypotheses: climate and species richness.. Historical hypotheses: the time-integrated area hypothesis and the concept of tropical niche conservatism.. Evolutionary hypotheses: do rates of diversification differ across latitude?.. Conclusion.. Summary.. 3 Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.. Diversity and productivity.. Mechanisms underlying the diversity-productivity relationship.. Diversity, nutrient cycling, and nutrient retention.. Diversity and stability.. Temporal stability.. Diversity and invasibility.. Biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality.. Unanswered questions (revisited.. Multiple trophic levels.. Community assembly or species loss?.. Global extinction and local ecosystem functioning: is there a mismatch of spatial scales?.. The invasion paradox.. How important are diversity effects in nature?.. The two sides of diversity and productivity.. Conclusion.. Summary.. Part II The Nitty-Gritty: Species Interactions in Simple Modules.. 4 Population growth and density dependence.. Exponential population growth.. Logistic population growth.. The debate over density dependence.. Evidence for density dependence in nature.. Bottom-up or top-down density dependence? and other questions.. Positive density dependence and Allee effects.. Community-level regulation of abundance and richness.. Density dependence, rarity, and species richness

Conclusion.. Summary.. 5 The fundamentals of predator-prey interactions.. Predator functional responses.. The Lotka-Volterra model.. Isocline analysis.. Adding more realism to the Lotka-Volterra model.. The Rosenzweig-MacArthur model.. The suppression-stability trade-off.. Density-dependent predators.. Herbivory and parasitism.. Herbivory.. Parasitism and disease.. Summary.. 6 Selective predators and responsive prey.. Predator preference.. Optimal foraging theory leads to a model of predator diet choice.. Consequences of selective predation for species coexistence.. Predator movement and habitat choice.. The non-consumptive effects of predators.. Habitat use and habitat shifts.. Life history evolution.. Activity levels and vigilance.. Morphology.. The relative importance of consumptive and non-consumptive effects.. Looking ahead.. Summary.. 7 The fundamentals of competitive interactions.. Defining interspecific competition.. The Lotka-Volterra competition model.. Another way to look at the Lotka-Volterra competition model.. Modification to the Lotka-Volterra competition model.. Consumer-resource models of competition.. What are resources?.. One consumer and one resource: the concept of R*.. Two consumers competing for one resource.. Coexistence on a single, fluctuating resource.. Competition for multiple resources.. Competition for two essential resources.. Competition for two substitutable resources.. Spatial heterogeneity and the coexistence of multiple consumers.. Testing the predictions of resource competition theory.. Apparent competition.. Conclusion.. Summary.. 8 Species coexistence and niche theory.. Revisiting the origins of the notion of competitive exclusion.. How are the assumptions of simple theory violated in nature?.. Spatial variation in the environment can promote species coexistence.. Temporal variation in the environment can also promote species coexistence

Ways in which dispersal and immigration can promote species coexistence.. How do we tell if the strength of intraspecific competition is greater than interspecific competition (aְ> aֶ?.. Predation and coexistence.. Conclusion.. Summary.. 9 Beneficial interactions in communities: mutualism and facilitation.. Mutualism and facilitation: definitions.. A brief look at the evolution of mutualism and facilitation.. Incorporating beneficial interactions into community theory.. Mutualisms may be context-dependent.. Interactions may change from positive to negative across life stages.. Combining positive and negative effects.. The stress gradient hypothesis for plant facilitation.. Looking ahead.. Summary.. Part III Putting the Pieces Together: Food Webs, Ecological Networks and Community Assembly.. 10 Species interactions in ecological networks.. Food webs.. Connectedness webs.. Energy flow webs.. Functional webs.. Keystone species.. Body size, foraging models, and food web structure.. Species traits and the structure of ecological networks.. Indirect effects.. Other types of ecological networks.. Mutualistic networks.. Parasites and parasitoids.. Complexity and stability.. Conclusion.. Summary.. 11 Food chains and food webs: controlling factors and cascading effects.. Why is the World Green?.. What determines abundance at different trophic levels?.. A simple thought experiment illustrates the duality of top-down and bottom-up control.. Some conclusions.. Testing the predictions.. Effects of productivity on tropic-level abundances.. Food chains with parallel pathways of energy flow.. Trophic cascades and the relative importance of predator and resource limitation.. How common are trophic cascades in different ecosystems?.. Trophic cascades and non-consumptive (trait-mediated effects.. What determines food-chain length?.. Conclusion.. Summary.. 12 Community assembly and species traits.. Species pools

Three assembly processes limit membership in the local community.. Pattern-based assembly rules.. Comparisons between local and regional species richness.. Trait-based community assembly.. A focus on species traits.. Traits and limited community membership.. Traits and abiotic processes.. Traits and biotic processes.. Assessment and prospectus of trait-based assembly research.. Functional diversity.. Phylogeny as a proxy for functional traits.. Regional pool processes.. Community assembly as an organizing framework for ecological theory.. Conclusions.. Summary.. Part IV Spatial Ecology: Metapopulations and Metacommunities.. 13 Patchy environments, metapopulations, and fugitive species.. Metapopulations.. The classic Levins metapopulation model.. Implications of the metapopulation model for conservation biology.. Parallels between metapopulation models and epidemiology.. Empirical examples of metapopulation dynamics.. Fugitive species: competition and coexistence in a patchy environment.. The competition/colonization trade-off.. Consequences of patch heterogeneity.. Conclusion.. Summary.. 14 Metacommunities.. Metacommunities in homogeneous environments.. The patch dynamics perspective.. The neutral perspective.. Metacommunities in heterogeneous environments.. The species sorting perspective: "Traditional" community ecology in a metacommunity framework.. The mass effects perspective: diversity patterns in source-sink metacommunities.. Measuring dispersal in metacommunities.. The neutral perspective.. Assumptions of the neutral theory.. Testing the predictions of the neutral theory.. The value of the neutral theory.. Niche-based and neutral processes in communities.. Conclusion.. Summary.. Part V Species in Changing Environments: Ecology and Evolution

15 Species in variable environments.. Ecological succession.. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis.. Fluctuation-dependent mechanisms of species coexistence.. The storage effect.. Regime shifts and alternative stable states ... Conclusion.. Summary.. 16 Evolutionary community ecology.. Rapid evolution and eco-evolutionary dynamics.. Rapid evolution, and its consequences for population dynamics and species interactions.. Eco-evolutionary feedbacks and predator-prey cycles.. Eco-evolutionary feedbacks in nature.. Quantifying the ecological consequences of rapid evolution.. Eco-evolutionary dynamics in diverse communities.. Evolutionary rescue.. Community phylogenetics.. Assumption #2A: are closely related species stronger competitors?.. Patterns of phylogenetic structure in communities.. Phylogenetic niche conservatism (assumption #1.. Evolutionary processes that structure regional species pools.. Speciation and community assembly in island-like systems.. Building a mainland regional species pool.. Conclusions.. Summary.. 17 Some concluding remarks and a look ahead.. Looking ahead: issues to ponder.. Metacommunities and the integration of local and regional processes.. Drivers of regional biodiversity.. Community assembly and functional traits.. Pathogens, parasites, and natural enemies.. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.. Changing technology will change how we collect data.. Eco-evolutionary feedbacks and regional pool processes.. Climate change, and its effects on species distributions and species interactions.. The role of time.. In closing, we would like to say... .. Literature cited.. Author index.. Subject index

Community ecology has undergone a transformation in recent years, from a discipline largely focused on processes occurring within a local area to a discipline encompassing a much richer domain of study, including the linkages between communities separated in space (metacommunity dynamics), niche and neutral theory, the interplay between ecology and evolution (eco-evolutionary dynamics), and the influence of historical and regional processes in shaping patterns of biodiversity. To fully understand these new developments, however, students continue to need a strong foundation in the study of species interactions and how these interactions are assembled into food webs and other ecological networks. This new edition fulfils the book's original aims, both as a much-needed up-to-date and accessible introduction to modern community ecology, and in identifying the important questions that are yet to be answered. This research-driven textbook introduces state-of-the-art community ecology to a new generation of students, adopting reasoned and balanced perspectives on as-yet-unresolved issues. Community Ecology is suitable for advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and researchers seeking a broad, up-to-date coverage of ecological concepts at the community level. Inglés