Amphibian conservation: global evidence for the effects of interventions / Rebecca K. Smith, William J. Sutherland

Incluye bibliografía e índice: páginas 239-255

Advisory board.. About the authors.. Acknowledgments.. About this book.. 1. Threat: Residential and commercial development.. Key messages.. 1.1. Protect brownfield or ex-industrial sites.. 1.2. Restrict herbicide, fungicide and pesticide use on and around ponds on golf courses.. 1.3. Legal protection of species.. 2. Threat: Agriculture.. Key messages - engage farmers and other volunteers.. Key messages - terrestrial habitat management.. Key messages - aquatic habitat management.. Engage farmers and other volunteers.. 2.1. Pay farmers to cover the costs of conservation measures.. 2.2. Engage landowners and other volunteers to manage land for amphibians.. Terrestrial habitat management.. 2.3. Manage cutting regime.. 2.4. Manage grazing regime.. 2.5. Reduce tillage.. 2.6. Maintain or restore hedges.. 2.7. Plant new hedges.. 2.8. Manage silviculture practices in plantations.. Aquatic habitat management.. 2.9. Exclude domestic animals or wild hogs by fencing.. 2.10. Manage ditches.. 3. Threat: Energy production and mining.. Key messages.. 3.1. Artificially mist habitat to keep it damp.. 4. Threat: Transportation and service corridors.. Key messages.. 4.1. Install culverts or tunnels as road crossings.. 4.2. Install barrier fencing along roads.. 4.3. Modify gully pots and kerbs.. 4.4. Use signage to warn motorists.. 4.5. Close roads during seasonal amphibian migration.. 4.6. Use humans to assist migrating amphibians across roads.. 5. Threat: Biological resource use.. Key messages - hunting & collecting terrestrial animals.. Key messages - logging & wood harvesting.. Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals.. 5.1. Use amphibians sustainably.. 5.2. Reduce impact of amphibian trade.. 5.3. Use legislative regulation to protect wild populations.. 5.4. Commercially breed amphibians for the pet trade.. Logging & wood harvesting.. 5.5. Thin trees within forests.. 5.6. Harvest groups of trees instead of clclearcutting

5.7. Use patch retention harvesting instead of clearcutting.. 5.8. Use leave-tree harvesting instead of clearcutting.. 5.9. Use shelterwood harvesting instead of clearcutting.. 5.10. Leave standing deadwood/snags in forests.. 5.10. Leave coarse woody debris in forests.. 5.11. Retain riparian buffer strips during timber harvest.. 6. Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance.. Key messages.. 6.1. Use signs and access restrictions to reduce disturbance.. 7. Threat: Natural system modifications.. Key messages.. 7.1. Use prescribed fire or modifications to burning regime.. 7.1.1 Forests.. 7.1.2 Grassland.. 7.2. Use herbicides to control mid-storey or ground vegetation.. 7.3. Mechanically remove mid-storey or ground vegetation.. 7.4. Regulate water levels.. 8. Threat: Invasive alien and other problematic species.. Key messages - reduce predation by other species.. Key messages - reduce competition with other species.. Key messages - reduce adverse habitat alteration by other species.. Key messages - reduce parasitism and disease - chytridiomycosis.. Key messages - reduce parasitism and disease - ranaviruses.. Reduce predation by other species.. 8.1. Remove or control mammals.. 8.2. Remove or control fish population by catching.. 8.3. Remove or control fish using Rotenone.. 8.4. Remove or control fish by drying out ponds.. 8.5. Exclude fish with barriers.. 8.6. Encourage aquatic plant growth as refuge against fish predation.. 8.7. Remove or control invasive bullfrogs.. 8.8. Remove or control invasive viperine snake.. 8.9. Remove or control non-native crayfish.. Reduce competition with other species.. 8.10. Reduce competition from native amphibians.. 8.10. Remove or control invasive cane toads.. 8.11. Remove or control invasive Cuban tree frog.. Reduce adverse habitat alteration by other species.. 8.12. Prevent heavy usage or exclude wildfowl from aquatic habitat

8.13. Control invasive plants.. Reduce parasitism and disease - Chytridiomycosis.. 8.14. Sterilize equipment when moving between amphibian sites.. 8.16. Use gloves to handle amphibians.. 8.17. Remove the chytrid fungus from ponds.. 8.18. Use zooplankton to remove zoospores.. 8.19. Add salt to ponds.. 8.20. Use antifungal skin bacteria or peptides to reduce infection.. 8.21. Use antifungal treatment to reduce infection.. 8.22. Use antibacterial treatment to reduce infection.. 8.23. Use temperature treatment to reduce infection.. 8.24. Treat amphibians in the wild or pre-release.. 8.25. Immunize amphibians against infection.. Reduce parasitism and disease - Ranaviruses.. 8.26. Sterilize equipment to prevent ranavirus.. 9. Threat: Pollution.. Key messages - agricultural pollution.. Key messages - industrial pollution.. Agricultural pollution.. 9.1. Plant riparian buffer strips.. 9.2. Prevent pollution from agricultural lands or sewage treatment facilities entering watercourses.. 9.3. Create walls or barriers to exclude pollutants.. 9.4. Reduce pesticide, herbicide or fertilizer use.. Industrial pollution.. 9.5. Add limestone to water bodies to reduce acidification.. 9.6. Augment ponds with ground water to reduce acidification.. 10. Threat: Climate change and severe weather.. Key messages.. 10.1. Use irrigation systems for amphibian sites.. 10.2. Maintain ephemeral ponds.. 10.3. Deepen ponds to prevent desiccation.. 10.4. Provide shelter habitat.. 10.5. Artificially shade ponds to prevent desiccation.. 10.6. Create microclimate and microhabitat refuges.. 10.7. Protect habitat along elevational gradients.. 11. Habitat protection.. Key messages.. 11.1. Protect habitats for amphibians.. 11.2. Retain connectivity between habitat patches.. 11.3. Retain buffer zones around core habitat.. 12. Habitat restoration and creation.. Key messages - terrestrial habitat.. Key messages - aquatic habitat.. Terrestrial habitat..

12.1. Replant vegetation.. 12.2. Clear vegetation.. 12.3. Change mowing regime.. 12.4. Create refuges.. 12.5. Create artificial hibernacula or aestivation sites.. 12.6. Restore habitat connectivity.. 12.7. Create habitat connectivity.. Aquatic habitat.. 12.8. Create ponds.. 12.8.1 Frogs.. 12.8.2 Toads.. 12.8.3 Natterjack toads.. 12.8.4 Green toads.. 12.8.5 Salamanders (including newts.. 12.8.6 Great crested newts.. 12.9. Add nutrients to new ponds as larvae food source.. 12.10. Create wetlands.. 12.10. Restore ponds.. 12.11. Restore wetlands.. 12.12. Deepen, de-silt or re-profile ponds.. 12.13. Create refuge areas in aquatic habitats.. 12.14.Add woody debris to ponds.. 12.16. Remove specific aquatic plants.. 12.17. Add specific plants to aquatic habitats.. 12.18. Remove tree canopy to reduce pond shading.. 13. Species management.. Key messages - translocate amphibians.. Key messages - captive breeding, rearing and releases (ex-situ conservation.. Translocate amphibians.. 13.1. Translocate amphibians.. 13.1.1 Frogs.. 13.1.2 Wood frogs.. 13.1.3 Toads.. 13.1.4 Natterjack toads.. 13.1.5 Salamanders (including newts .. 13.1.6 Great crested newts.. Captive breeding, rearing and releases (ex-situ conservation.. 13.2. Breed amphibians in captivity.. 13.2.1 Frogs.. 13.2.2 Toads.. 13.2.3 Mallorcan midwife toad.. 13.2.4 Harlequin toads (Atelopus species.. 13.2.5 Salamanders (including newts.. 13.3. Use hormone treatment to induce sperm and egg release.. 13.4. Use artificial fertilization in captive breeding.. 13.5. Freeze sperm or eggs for future use.. 13.6. Release captive-bred individuals.. 13.6.1 Frogs.. 13.6.2 Green and golden bell frog.. 13.6.3 Toads.. 13.6.4 Mallorcan midwife toad.. 13.6.5 Salamanders (including newts.. 13.7. Head-start amphibians for release

14. Education and awareness raising.. Key messages.. 14.1. Raise awareness amongst the general public through campaigns and public information.. 14.2. Provide education programmes about amphibians.. 14.3. Engage volunteers to collect amphibian data (citizen science.. Index

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Amphibian Conservation is the fourth volume in the Synopses of Conservation Evidence series, linked to the online resource www.conservationevidence.com. This synopsis is part of the Conservation Evidence project and provides a useful resource for conservationists. It forms part of a series designed to promote a more evidence-based approach to biodiversity conservation. Others in the series include Bee, Bird, Farmland and Bat Conservation and many others are in preparation. The series will cover different species groups and habitats, gradually building into a comprehensive summary of evidence on the effects of conservation interventions for all biodiversity throughout the world. This book brings together and summarizes the available scientific evidence and experience relevant to the practical conservation of amphibians. The authors consulted an international group of amphibian experts and conservationists to develop a global list of interventions that could benefit amphibians. For each intervention, the book summarizes studies captured by the Conservation Evidence project, where that intervention has been tested and its effects on amphibians quantified. The result is a thorough summary of what is known, or not known, about the effectiveness of amphibian conservation actions across the world. eng

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