Incluye bibliografía: páginas 463-532 e índice: páginas 533-541

Glosario: páginas 429-462

Preface.. Acknowledgments.. Author.. Vignette Contributors.. Part I.. General.. Chapter.. Introduction.. I. Historic Need for Ecotoxicology.. II. Current Need for Ecotoxicology Expertise.. III. Ecotoxicology.. IV. Ecotoxicology: A Synthetic Science.. A. Introduction.. B. Science, Technology, and Practice.. C. Scientific Goal.. D. Technological Goal.. E. Practical Goal.. V. Summary.. Suggested Readings.. Chapter.. Major Classes of Contaminants.. I. Introduction.. II. Major Classes of Contaminants.. A. Inorganic Contaminants.. 1. Metals and Metalloids.. 2. Organometallic Compounds.. 3. Inorganic Gases.. 4. Anionic Contaminants Including Nutrients.. B. Organic Contaminants.. 1. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons and Chlorofluorocarbons.. 2. Organochlorine Alkenes.. 3. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.. 4. Polyhalogenated Benzenes, Phenols, and Biphenyls.. a. Polychlorinated Benzenes and Phenols.. b. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (and Terphenyls.. c. Polybrominated Biphenyls.. 5. Polychlorinated Naphthalenes.. 6. Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans.. 7. Pesticides.. a. Organochlorine.. b. Organophosphorus.. c. Carbamate.. d. Pyrethrin and Pyrethroid.. 8. Herbicides.. 9. Oxygen-Demanding Compounds.. 10. Other Important Compounds.. 11. Additional Emerging Organic Contaminants of Concern.. C. Radiations.. 1. Expressing Radioactivity.. 2. Radionuclides.. 3. Ultraviolet Radiation.. 4. Infrared Radiation.. D. Genetic Contaminants.. III. Summary.. IV. Background Chemistry Concepts and Definitions.. Suggested Readings.. Part II.. Bioaccumulation.. Chapter.. Uptake, Biotransformation, Detoxification, Elimination, and Accumulation.. I. Introduction.. II. Uptake.. A. Introduction.. B. Reaction Order.. III. Biotransformation and Detoxification.. A. General.. B. Metals and Metalloids.. C. Organic Compounds.. IV. Elimination.. A. Elimination Mechanisms

B. Modeling Elimination.. V. Accumulation.. VI. Summary.. Suggested Readings.. Chapter 4.. Factors Influencing Bioaccumulation.. I. Introduction.. A. General.. B. Bioavailability.. II. Chemical Qualities Influencing Bioavailability.. A. Inorganic Contaminants.. 1. Bioavailability from Water.. 2. Bioavailability from Solid Phases.. B. Organic Contaminants.. 1. Bioavailability from Water.. 2. Bioavailability from Solid Phases.. III. Biological Qualities Influencing Bioaccumulation.. A. Temperature-Influenced Processes.. B. Allometry.. C. Other Factors.. IV. Summary.. Suggested Readings.. Chapter 5.. Bioaccumulation from Food and Trophic Transfer.. I. Introduction.. II. Quantifying Bioaccumulation from Food.. A. Assimilation from Food.. B. Trophic Transfer.. 1. Defining Trophic Position.. 2. Estimating Trophic Transfer.. III. Inorganic Contaminants.. A. Metals and Metalloids.. B. Radionuclides.. IV. Organic Compounds.. V. Summary.. Suggested Readings.. Part III.. Toxicant Effects.. Chapter 6.. Molecular Effects and Biomarkers.. I. Introduction.. II. Organic Compound Detoxification.. A. Phase I Transformations.. B. Phase II Transformations.. III. Metallothioneins.. IV. Stress Proteins.. V. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Response.. VI. DNA Modification.. VII. Enzyme Dysfunction and Substrate Pool Shifts.. VIII. Summary.. Suggested Readings.. Chapter 7.. Cells, Tissues, and Organs.. I. Introduction.. II. General Cytotoxicity and Histopathology.. A. Necrosis and Apoptosis.. B. Inflammation.. C. Other General Effects.. III. Gene and Chromosome Damage.. IV. Cancer.. V. Gills as an Example.. VI. Liver as an Example.. VII. Summary.. Suggested Readings.. Chapter 8.. Sublethal Effects to Individuals.. I. General.. II. Selyean Stress.. III. Growth.. IV. Development.. A. Developmental Toxicity and Teratology.. B. Sexual Characteristics.. C. Developmental Stability

V. Reproduction.. VI. Physiology.. VII. Immunology.. VIII. Behavior.. IX. Detecting Sublethal Effects.. A. The Conventional Approach.. B. A Fundamental Issue to Resolve.. X. Summary.. Suggested Readings.. Chapter 9.. Acute and Chronic Lethal Effects to Individuals.. I. General.. A. Overview.. B. Acute, Chronic, and Life Stage Lethality.. C. Test Types.. II. Dose Response.. A. Basis for Dose-Response Models.. B. Fitting Data to Dose-Response Models.. C. Incipiency.. D. Mixture Models.. III. Survival Time.. A. Basis for Time-Response Models.. B. Fitting Survival Time Data.. C. Incipiency.. D. Mixture Models.. IV. Factors Influencing Lethality.. A. Biotic Qualities.. B. Abiotic Qualities.. V. Summary.. Suggested Readings.. Chapter 10.. Effects on Populations.. I. Overview.. II. Epidemiology.. III. Population Dynamics and Demography.. A. Overview.. B. General Population Response.. C. Demographic Change.. D. Energy Allocation by Individuals in Populations.. IV. Population Genetics.. A. Change in Genetic Qualities.. B. Acquisition of Tolerance.. C. Measuring and Interpreting Genetic Change.. V. Summary.. Suggested Readings.. Chapter 11.. Effects on Communities and Ecosystems.. I. Overview.. A. Definitions and Qualifications.. B. Context.. C. General Assessment of Effect.. II. Interactions Involving Two or a Few Species.. A. Predation and Grazing.. B. Competition.. III. Community Qualities.. A. General.. B. Structure.. 1. Community Indices.. 2. Approaches to Measuring Community Structure.. C. Function.. IV. Ecosystem Qualities.. V. Summary.. Suggested Readings.. Chapter 12.. Landscape to Global Effects.. I. General.. II. Landscapes and Regions.. III. Continents and Hemispheres.. IV. Biosphere.. A. General.. B. Global Movement of Persistent Organic Pollutants.. C. Global Warming.. V. Summary.. Suggested Readings.. Part IV.. Risk from Toxicants

Chapter 13.. Risk Assessment of Contaminants.. I. Overview.. A. Real and Perceived Risk.. B. Logic of Risk Assessment.. C. Expressions of Risk.. D. Risk Assessment.. II. Human Risk Assessment.. A. General.. B. Hazard Identification (Data Collection and Data Evaluation.. C. Exposure Assessment.. D. Dose-Response Assessment.. E. Risk Characterization.. F. Summary.. III. Ecological Risk Assessment.. A. General.. B. Problem Formulation.. C. Analysis.. 1. Exposure Characterization.. 2. Ecological Effects Characterization.. D. Risk Characterization.. E. Summary.. IV. Radiation Risk Assessment.. A. Characteristics of Types of Radiations and Their Effects.. B. Expressing Radiation Dose and Effect.. C. Models of Radiation Effect.. V. Conclusion.. Suggested Readings.. Part V.. Summary.. Chapter 14.. Conclusions.. I. Overview.. II. Practical Importance of Ecotoxicology.. III. Scientific Importance of Ecotoxicology.. Appendix.. 1. International System (SI of Units Prefixes.. Appendix 2. Miscellaneous Conversion Factors.. Appendix 3. Summary of U.S. Laws and Regulations.. Appendix 4. Summary of European Union Laws and Regulations.. Appendix 5. Summary of Modern Environmental Laws and Regulations of China.. Appendix 6. Regulation and Management of Chemicals in Australia.. Appendix 7. Derivation of Units for Simple Bioaccumulation Models.. Appendix 8. Equations for the Estimation of Exposure.. Study Questions.. Glossary.. References.. Index

Each year ecotoxicological problems become increasingly complex and encompass broader spatial and temporal scales. Our practical understanding must evolve accordingly to maintain an acceptable quality of life. Fully revised and expanded to reflect new developments, th e third edition of Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology provides a broad overview of the field that ranges from molecular to global issues. New in the third edition: • Revised chapter on contaminant types and sources. • Expanded by 100 pages beyond the second edition. • More integration of contaminant sources and fate. • Color graphics including fifteen color insert images. • New vignettes contributed by international experts. • Appendices describing current Chinese and Australian legislation in addition to U.S. and EU legislation. The text details key environmental contaminants, explores their fates in the biosphere, and discusses bioaccumulation and the effects of contaminants at increasing levels of ecological organization. It also covers regulatory aspects of the field and discusses key Australian, U.S., European, and Chinese legislation and policies. Vignettes written by experts illustrate key themes or highlight especially pertinent examples. Instructors can present the core concepts of each chapter and use the vignettes for student-lead discussions. The time has passed when it was sufficient for the ecotoxicologist to focus only on new human toxicants as they appear and then explore how they impact nonhuman species. Keeping this in mind, the textbook extends the discussion of ecotoxicants beyond the conventional ecosystem to include landscape, regional, and biospheric topics. This extension imparts a perspective as encompassing as the problems facing us today. Inglés